AMD Athlon Processor x86 Manuale utente

AMD Athlon Processor

x86 Code Optimization

Guide

Trademarks

AMD, the AMD logo, AMD Athlon, K6, 3DNow!, and combinations thereof, K86, and Super7 are trademarks,

and AMD-K6 is a registered trademark of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

Microsoft, Windows, and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

MMX is a trademark and Pentium is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation.

Other product names used in this publication are for identification purposes only and may be trademarks of

their respective companies.

The contents of this document are provided in connection with Advanced

Micro Devices, Inc. (“AMD”) products. AMD makes no representations or

warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of

this publication and reserves the right to make changes to specifications and

product descriptions at any time without notice. No license, whether express,

implied, arising by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights

is granted by this publication. Except as set forth in AMD’s Standard Terms

and Conditions of Sale, AMD assumes no liability whatsoever, and disclaims

any express or implied warranty, relating to its products including, but not

limited to, the implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular

purpose, or infringement of any intellectual property right.

AMD’s products are not designed, intended, authorized or warranted for use

as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or in

other applications intended to support or sustain life, or in any other applica-

tion in which the failure of AMD’s product could create a situation where per-

sonal injury, death, or severe property or environmental damage may occur.

AMD reserves the right to discontinue or make changes to its products at any

time without notice.

Contents iii

22007E/0—November 1999 AMD Athlon™ Processor x86 Code Optimization

Contents

Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

1 Introduction 1

About this Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

AMD Athlon™Processor Family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

AMD Athlon Processor Microarchitecture Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Top Optimizations 7

Optimization Star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Group I Optimizations —Essential Optimizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Memory Size and Alignment Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Use the 3DNow!™PREFETCH and PREFETCHW

Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Select DirectPath Over VectorPath Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Group II Optimizations—Secondary Optimizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Load-Execute Instruction Usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Take Advantage of Write Combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Use 3DNow! Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Avoid Branches Dependent on Random Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Avoid Placing Code and Data in the Same

64-Byte Cache Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3 C Source Level Optimizations 13

Ensure Floating-Point Variables and Expressions

are of Type Float. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Use 32-Bit Data Types for Integer Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Consider the Sign of Integer Operands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Use Array Style Instead of Pointer Style Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Completely Unroll Small Loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Avoid Unnecessary Store-to-Load Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Consider Expression Order in Compound Branch Conditions . . . . . 20

iv Contents

AMD Athlon™Processor x86 Code Optimization 22007E/0—November 1999

Switch Statement Usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Optimize Switch Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Use Prototypes for All Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Use Const Type Qualifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Generic Loop Hoisting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Generalization for Multiple Constant Control Code. . . . . . . . 23

Declare Local Functions as Static . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Dynamic Memory Allocation Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Introduce Explicit Parallelism into Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Explicitly Extract Common Subexpressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

C Language Structure Component Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Sort Local Variables According to Base Type Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Accelerating Floating-Point Divides and Square Roots . . . . . . . . . . 29

Avoid Unnecessary Integer Division. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Copy Frequently De-referenced Pointer Arguments to

Local Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4 Instruction Decoding Optimizations 33

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Select DirectPath Over VectorPath Instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Load-Execute Instruction Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Use Load-Execute Integer Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Use Load-Execute Floating-Point Instructions with

Floating-Point Operands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Avoid Load-Execute Floating-Point Instructions with

Integer Operands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Align Branch Targets in Program Hot Spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Use Short Instruction Lengths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Avoid Partial Register Reads and Writes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Replace Certain SHLD Instructions with Alternative Code. . . . . . . 38

Use 8-Bit Sign-Extended Immediates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Contents v

22007E/0—November 1999 AMD Athlon™Processor x86 Code Optimization

Use 8-Bit Sign-Extended Displacements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Code Padding Using Neutral Code Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Recommendations for the AMD Athlon Processor . . . . . . . . . 40

Recommendations for AMD-K6®Family and

AMD Athlon Processor Blended Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5 Cache and Memory Optimizations 45

Memory Size and Alignment Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Avoid Memory Size Mismatches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Align Data Where Possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Use the 3DNow! PREFETCH and PREFETCHW Instructions. . . . . 46

Take Advantage of Write Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Avoid Placing Code and Data in the Same 64-Byte Cache Line. . . . 50

Store-to-Load Forwarding Restrictions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Store-to-Load Forwarding Pitfalls—True Dependencies. . . . 51

Summary of Store-to-Load Forwarding Pitfalls to Avoid. . . . 54

Stack Alignment Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Align TBYTE Variables on Quadword Aligned Addresses. . . . . . . . 55

C Language Structure Component Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Sort Variables According to Base Type Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

6 Branch Optimizations 57

Avoid Branches Dependent on Random Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

AMD Athlon Processor Specific Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Blended AMD-K6 and AMD Athlon Processor Code . . . . . . . 58

Always Pair CALL and RETURN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Replace Branches with Computation in 3DNow! Code . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Muxing Constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Sample Code Translated into 3DNow! Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Avoid the Loop Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Avoid Far Control Transfer Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Avoid Recursive Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

vi Contents

AMD Athlon™Processor x86 Code Optimization 22007E/0—November 1999

7 Scheduling Optimizations 67

Schedule Instructions According to their Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Unrolling Loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Complete Loop Unrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Partial Loop Unrolling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Use Function Inlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Always Inline Functions if Called from One Site . . . . . . . . . . 72

Always Inline Functions with Fewer than 25 Machine

Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Avoid Address Generation Interlocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Use MOVZX and MOVSX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Minimize Pointer Arithmetic in Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Push Memory Data Carefully. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

8 Integer Optimizations 77

Replace Divides with Multiplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Multiplication by Reciprocal (Division) Utility . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Unsigned Division by Multiplication of Constant. . . . . . . . . . 78

Signed Division by Multiplication of Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Use Alternative Code When Multiplying by a Constant. . . . . . . . . . 81

Use MMX™Instructions for Integer-Only Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Repeated String Instruction Usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Latency of Repeated String Instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Guidelines for Repeated String Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Use XOR Instruction to Clear Integer Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Efficient 64-Bit Integer Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Efficient Implementation of Population Count Function. . . . . . . . . 91

Derivation of Multiplier Used for Integer Division

by Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Unsigned Derivation for Algorithm, Multiplier, and

Shift Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

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22007E/0—November 1999 AMD Athlon™Processor x86 Code Optimization

Signed Derivation for Algorithm, Multiplier, and

Shift Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

9 Floating-Point Optimizations 97

Ensure All FPU Data is Aligned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Use Multiplies Rather than Divides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Use FFREEP Macro to Pop One Register from the FPU Stack . . . . 98

Floating-Point Compare Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Use the FXCH Instruction Rather than FST/FLD Pairs . . . . . . . . . . 99

Avoid Using Extended-Precision Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Minimize Floating-Point-to-Integer Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Floating-Point Subexpression Elimination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Check Argument Range of Trigonometric Instructions

Efficiently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Take Advantage of the FSINCOS Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

10 3DNow!™ and MMX™ Optimizations 107

Use 3DNow! Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Use FEMMS Instruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Use 3DNow! Instructions for Fast Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Optimized 14-Bit Precision Divide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Optimized Full 24-Bit Precision Divide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Pipelined Pair of 24-Bit Precision Divides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Newton-Raphson Reciprocal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Use 3DNow! Instructions for Fast Square Root and

Reciprocal Square Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Optimized 15-Bit Precision Square Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Optimized 24-Bit Precision Square Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Newton-Raphson Reciprocal Square Root. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Use MMX PMADDWD Instruction to Perform

Two 32-Bit Multiplies in Parallel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

3DNow! and MMX Intra-Operand Swapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

viii Contents

AMD Athlon™Processor x86 Code Optimization 22007E/0—November 1999

Fast Conversion of Signed Words to Floating-Point . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Use MMX PXOR to Negate 3DNow! Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Use MMX PCMP Instead of 3DNow! PFCMP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Use MMX Instructions for Block Copies and Block Fills . . . . . . . . 115

Use MMX PXOR to Clear All Bits in an MMX Register . . . . . . . . . 118

Use MMX PCMPEQD to Set All Bits in an MMX Register. . . . . . . 119

Use MMX PAND to Find Absolute Value in 3DNow! Code . . . . . . 119

Optimized Matrix Multiplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Efficient 3D-Clipping Code Computation Using

3DNow! Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Use 3DNow! PAVGUSB for MPEG-2 Motion Compensation . . . . . 123

Stream of Packed Unsigned Bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Complex Number Arithmetic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

11 General x86 Optimization Guidelines 127

Short Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Stack Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Appendix A AMD Athlon™Processor Microarchitecture 129

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

AMD Athlon Processor Microarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Superscalar Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Instruction Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Predecode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Branch Prediction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Early Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Instruction Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Data Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Integer Scheduler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Contents ix

22007E/0—November 1999 AMD Athlon™Processor x86 Code Optimization

Integer Execution Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Floating-Point Scheduler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Floating-Point Execution Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Load-Store Unit (LSU). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

L2 Cache Controller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Write Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

AMD Athlon System Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Appendix B Pipeline and Execution Unit Resources Overview 141

Fetch and Decode Pipeline Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Integer Pipeline Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Floating-Point Pipeline Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Execution Unit Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Integer Pipeline Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Floating-Point Pipeline Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Load/Store Pipeline Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Code Sample Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Appendix C Implementation of Write Combining 155

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Write-Combining Definitions and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

What is Write Combining? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Programming Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Write-Combining Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Sending Write-Buffer Data to the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Appendix D Performance-Monitoring Counters 161

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Performance Counter Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

PerfEvtSel[3:0] MSRs

(MSR Addresses C001_0000h–C001_0003h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

xContents

AMD Athlon™Processor x86 Code Optimization 22007E/0—November 1999

PerfCtr[3:0] MSRs

(MSR Addresses C001_0004h–C001_0007h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Starting and Stopping the Performance-Monitoring

Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Event and Time-Stamp Monitoring Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Monitoring Counter Overflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Appendix E Programming the MTRR and PAT 171

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Memory Type Range Register (MTRR) Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Page Attribute Table (PAT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Appendix F Instruction Dispatch and Execution Resources 187

Appendix G DirectPath versus VectorPath Instructions 219

Select DirectPath Over VectorPath Instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

DirectPath Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

VectorPath Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Indice

Altri manuali AMD Hardware per computer

AMD

AMD -K6-2/450 - MHz Processor Istruzioni per l'installazione e il funzionamento

AMD

AMD Richland Manuale utente

AMD

AMD XILINX T2 Telco Manuale utente

AMD

AMD Turion 64 Manuale operativo

AMD

AMD Phenom 10h Manuale operativo

AMD

AMD AX1800DMT3C - Athlon XP 1.53 GHz Processor Manuale utente

AMD

AMD Geode SC3200 Guida del prodotto

AMD

AMD A85X Chipset Manuale utente

AMD

AMD Geode SC1200 Guida del prodotto

AMD

AMD SimNow Simulator 4.4.4 Manuale utente

AMD

AMD Athlon Manuale utente

AMD

AMD AMD 785G Manuale utente

AMD

AMD XILINX VCK190 Manuale utente

AMD

AMD 780E Manuale del prodotto

AMD

AMD Geode LX CS5536 Manuale utente

AMD

AMD Geode SC2200 Guida del prodotto

AMD

AMD Geode LX 800 Manuale utente

AMD

AMD CrossFire 480X Manuale di istruzioni

AMD

AMD K5 Manuale del prodotto

AMD

AMD NVMe/SATA RAID Manuale utente

AMD

AMD Athlon XP 10 Manuale utente

AMD

AMD Opteron 4200 Series Manuale utente

AMD

AMD Sempron 10 Manuale utente

AMD

AMD ATHLON K Istruzioni per l’uso

Manuali Hardware per computer popolari di altre marche

EMC2

EMC2 VNX Series Manuale del proprietario

Panasonic

Panasonic DV0PM20105 Manuale utente

Mitsubishi Electric

Mitsubishi Electric Q81BD-J61BT11 Manuale utente

Gigabyte

Gigabyte B660M DS3H AX DDR4 Manuale utente

Raidon

Raidon iT2300 Manuale utente

National Instruments

National Instruments PXI-8186 Manuale utente

Hauppauge

Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-2250 Manuale utente

Kontron

Kontron CP6002 Manuale utente

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