Atari 400 Manuale per l'uso e la cura

ATARI"

HOME

COMPUTER

SYSTEM

TECHNICAL

REFERENCE

NOTES

includes:

Operating

System

User's

Manual

Operating

System

Source Listing

and

Hardware

Manual

All

PERSONS RECEIVING THIS

DOCUMENT

produ

tion

forbidd

without

e spec

ifi

writt

permi

ion

ATARI,

C. Sunnyval

CA 94086. No rig

produ

thi

ument

nor

e s

ubj

ect

matt

ere

, is gra

unl

ess

writt

en agreeme

with

or w

ritt

en pe

rmi

ion

e Co

ora

on.

)I\.®

ATAR

I A Warner Communications Company

16555 R

ev.

ATARI®

HOME

COMPUTER

SYSTEM

OPE

SYSTEM

USER'S

MANUAL

)I~@

ATARI

A Warner Communications Company

1982,

ATARI,

INC.

ALL

RIGHTS

RESERVED

All

PERSONS RECEIVING THIS

DOCUMENT

Reproduction

forbidden without the specific written permission of

ATARI,

INC.

Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

right to reproduce this document,

nor the subject matter thereof,

granted

unless

written agreement with,

or written permission from the Corporation.

Every

effort

has

been

made

ensure

that

this

manual

accurately

documents

this

product

the

ATARI Home

Computer

Division.

However,

due

the

ongoing

improvement

and

update

the

computer

software

and

hardware,

ATARI,

INC.

cannot

guarantee

the

accuracy

printed

material

after

the

date

publication

and

disclaims

liability

for

changes,

errors,

omissions.

PREFACE

ATARI

Home

Computer

Operating

System

USER'S

MANUAL

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL

DESCRIPTION

THE

ATARI

COMPUTER

SYSTEM

Conventions

Used

This

Manual

HEXADECIMAL

NUMBERS

MEMORY

ADDRESSES

KILOBYTES

MEMORY

PASCAL

ALGORITHM-SPECIFICATION

LANGUAGE

MEMORY

LAYOUTS

BACKUS-NAUR

FORM

(BNF) 21

OS-EQUATE

FILENAMES

OPERATING

SYSTEM

FUNCTIONAL

ORGANIZATION

Input/Output

Subsystem

Interrupt

Processing

Initialization

Power-Up

System

Reset

Floating

Point

Arithmetic

Package

CONFIGURATIONS

Program

Environments

Blackboard

Mode

Cartridge

Diskette-Boot

Cassette-Boot

RAM

Expansion

Peripheral

Devices

Game

Controllers

Program

Recorder

Serial

Bus

Devices

SYSTEM

MEMORY

UTILIZATION

RAM

Region

Page

Data

Base

User

Workspace

Boot

.~eg

ion

Screen

Display

List

and

Data

Free

Memory

Region

Cartridges

and

Mapped

1/0

Resident

and

Floating

Point

Package

ROM

Central

Data

Base

Description

Memory

Dynamics

System

Initialization

Proce'ss

Changing

Screen

Modes

1/0

SUBSYSTEM

Central

1/0

Utility

CIO

Design

Philosophy

DEVICE

INDEPENDENCE

DATA

ACCESS

METHODS

MULTIPLE

DEVICEIFILE

CONCURRENCY

UNIFIED

ERROR

HANDLING

DEVICE EXPANSION

CIO

CALLING

MECHANISM

HANDLER

ICHID

[0340]

DEVICE

NUMBER

ICDNO

[0341]

COMMAND

BYTE

ICCMD

[0342J

STATUS

ICSTA

[0343J

BUFFER

ADDRESS

ICBAL[0344J

AND

ICBAH

[0345]

PUT

ADDRESS

ICPTL

[0346]

AND

ICPTH

[0347]

BUFFER LENGTHIBYTE

COUNT

ICBLL

[0348]

and

ICBLH

[0349]

AUXILIARY

INFORMATION

ICAX1

[034AJ

and

ICAX2

[034B]

REMAINING

BYTES

(ICAX3-ICAX6)

CIa

Functions

OPEN

Assign

Device/Filename

IOCB

and

Ready

for

Access

Terminate

Access

Device/File

and

Release

IOCB

GET

CHARACTERS

Read

Characters

(Byte-Aligned

Access)

PUT

CHARACTERS

Write

Characters

(Byte-Aligned

Access)

GET

RECORD

Read

To n

Characters

(Record-Aligned

Access)

PUT

RECORD

Write

To n

Characters

(Record-Aligned

Access)

GET

STATUS

Return

Device-Dependent

Status

Bytes

SPECIAL

Special

Function

Device/Filename

Specification

I/O

Example

Device

Specific

Information

Keyboard

Handler

CIa

Function

Descriptions

Theory

Operation

Dis

PI a y Han

die

r (

)

Screen

Modes

TEXT

MODE

TEXT

MODES

AND

GRAPHICS

MODES

<Modes 3

Through

11)

SPLIT-SCREEN

CONFIGURATIONS

cto

Function

Descriptions

User-Alterable

Data

Base

Variables

Theory

Operation

Screen

Editor

(E:)

CIa

Function

Descriptions

User-Alterable

Data

Base

Variables

Cassette

Handler

(C:)

CIa

Function

Descriptions

Theory

Operation

File

Structure

t er Hand 1e r (

)

CIa

Function

Descriptions

Theory

Operation

Dis

k F i 1e

nag

er (

)

CIa

Function

Descriptions

DevicelFilename

Specification

Filename

Wildcarding

Special

CIa

functions

Theory

Operation

FMS

Diskette

Utilization

Non-CIa

110

FMS

BOOT

RECORD

FORMAT

BOOT

PROCESS

MEMORY

MAP

VOLUME

TABLE

CONTENTS

FILE

DIRECTORY

FORMAT

FMS

FILE

SECTOR

FORMAT

Resident

Device

Handler

Vectors

Resident

Diskette

Handler

Diskette

Handler

Commands

Serial

Bus

1/0

6 INTERRUPT PROCESSING

101

102

Chip-Reset

103

Nonmaskable

Interrupts

103

Stage

VBLANK

Process

104

Stage

VBLANK

Process

105

Maskable

Interrupts

107

Interrupt

Initialization

108

System

Timers

109

Usage

Notes

109

POKEY

Interrupt

Mask

110

Setting

Interrupt

and

Timer

Vectors

110

Stack

Content

Interrupt

Vector

Points

111

Miscellaneous

Considerations

112

Flowcharts

113

SYSTEM

INITIALIZATION

116

Power-Up

Initialization

(Coldstart)

Procedure

116

System

Reset

Initialization

(Warmstart)

Procedure

119

8 FLOATING POINT ARITHMETIC

PACKAGE

121

Functions/Calling

Sequences

122

ASCII

Floating

Point

Conversion

(AFP)

122

Floating

Point

ASCII

Conversion

(FASC)

122

Integer

Floating

Point

Conversion

(IFP)

123

Floating

Point

Integer

Conversion

(FPI)

123

Floating

Point

Addition

(FADD)

124

Floating

Point

Subtraction

(FSUB)

124

Floating

Point

Multiplication

(FMUL)

124

Floating

Point

Division

(FDIV)

125

Floating

Point

Logarithms

(LOG

and

LOG10)

125

Floating

Point

Exponentiation

(EXP

and

EXP10)

126

Floating

Point

Polynomial

Evaluation

(PLVEVL)

126

Clear

FRO

(ZFRO)

127

Clear

Page-Zero

Floating

Point

Number

(ZF1)

127

Load

Floating

Point

Number

FRO

(FLDOR

and

FLDOP)

127

Load

Floating

Point

Number

FRl

(FLD1R

and

FLD1P)

128

Store

Floating

Point

Number

From

FRO

(FSTOR

and

FSTOP)

128

Move

Floating

Point

Number

From

FRO

FRl

(FMOVE)

128

Resource

Utilization

128

Implementation

Details

129

ADDING

NEW

DEVICE HANDLERS/PERIPHERALS

131

Device

Table

134

CID/Handler

Interface

134

Calling

Mechanism

135

Handler

Initialization

136

Functions

Supported

136

Error

Handling

140

Resource

Allocation

140

ZERO-PAGE

RAM

141

NONZERO-PAGE

RAM

141

STACK

SPACE

142

Handler/SID

Interface

142

Calling

Mechanism

Functions

Supported

Error

Handling

Serial

1/0

Bus

Characteristics

and

Protocol

HardwarelElectrical

Characteristics

Serial

Port

Electrical

Specifications

Bus

Commands

COMMAND

FRAME

COMMAND

FRAME

ACKNOWLEDGE

DATA

FRAME

OPERATION

COMPLETE

Bus

Timing

Handler

Environment

Boatable

Handler

Cartridge

Resident

Handler

Flowcharts

PROGRAM

ENVIRONMENT

AND

INITIALIZATION

142

144

145

147

148

149

150

152

153

157

Cartridge

157

Cartridge

Without

Booted

Support

Package

158

Cartridge

With

Booted

Support

Package

158

Diskette-Booted

Software

159

Diskette-Boot

File

Format

159

Diskette-Boot

Process

160

Sample

Diskette-Bootable

Program

Listing

161

Program

Create

Diskette-Boot

Files

162

Cassette-Booted

Software

164

Cassette-Boot

File

Format

165

Cassette-Boot

Process

165

Sample

Cassette-Boatable

Program

Listing

167

Program

Create

Cassette-Boot

Files

168

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