Atari 400 Manuale utente

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ERROR CODES

ERROR

CODE

ERROR

CODE

MESSAGE

2

Memory

In

s

ufficient

3

Va

lue

Error

4 Too

Many

Vari

ab

l

es

5

String

Length

Error

6

Out

of

Data

Error

7

Number

greater

than

32767

8

Input

Statement

Error

9

Array

or

String

DIM

Error

10

Argument

Stack

Overflow

11

Fl

oating

Point

Overflow

/

Underflow

Error

12

Line

Not

Found

13

No

Matching

FOR S

ta

tement

14

Line

Too

Long

Error

15

GOSUB

or

FOR

Lin

e Del

eted

16

RE

TUR

N

Error

17

Garbage

Error

18

In

va

lid

String

Character

Note

:

Th

e foll

owing

are

INPUT

/

OUTPU

T er-

rors

that

resu

lt

du

r

in

g

th

e u

se

of

disk

dri

ves,

pr

i

nt

e

rs

,

or

ot

h

er

accessory

d

ev

i

ces

.

Furth

er in-

fo

rm

at

ion is

pro

v

id

ed

with

th

e auxilia

ry

hard

-

ware

.

19

LOAD

program

T

oo

Long

20

D

ev

ice

Number

Larger

21

L

OAD

File

Error

128

BREAK

Abort

129

IOCB

130

Nonexistent

Device

131

IOCB

Write

Only

132

In

va

lid

Comm

a

nd

133

D

ev

ic

e

or

File

not

Op

en

134

BAD IO

CB

~umb

er

135

IO

CB

R

ea

d

On

ly

Error

136

EOF

137

Truncat

ed R

eco

rd

138

De

vice

Tim

eo

ut

139

D

evice

NAK

140

Seri

al

Bus

141

C

ursor

Out

of

Ra

ng

e

ERROR

CODE

ERROR

CODE

MESSAGE

142

Ser

ial Bus

Data

Frame

O

verr

un

143

Serial

bus

data

fr

ame

checks

um

er

ror

144

Dev

i

cP

rlone

e

rr

or

145

Read

af

t

er

write

compare

error

146

Funct

ion

not

implemen

ted

147

In

sufficient

RAM

160

Drive

numb

er

er

ror

161

Too

many

OPEN

files

162

Disk

full

163

U

nrecov

e

rab

le

system

data

I/

0

er

ror

164

File

number

mi

smatch

165

File

name

error

166

POINT

d

ata

le

ngth

error

167

File l

ocked

168

Command

inva

lid

169

Director

y

full

170

File

not

found

171

POINT

i

nvalid

For

ex

pl

ana

tion

of

Err

or

Mes

sages

see

Appendix

B.

TABLE OF MODES

AND

SCREEN FORMATS

Vert.

(Rows)

Vert.

(Rows)

RAM

Gr.

Mode

Horiz.

Split

Full

II

Of

Requir

ed

Mod

e Ty

pe

(Column

s)

Scre

en

Screen

Colors

(B

y t

es

)

0 TE

XT

40 -24 2

993

1

TEXT

20

20 24

5

513

2 TEXT

20

10

12 5

26

1

3 GRAPHI

CS

40

20

24 4 2

73

4 GR

AP

HI

CS

80

40

48 2

537

5 GRA PHI

CS

80

40 48

4 1

017

6

GR

APHI

CS

160

80 96 2

2025

7

GR

APHI

CS

160

80

96

4

3945

8

GRAPH

ICS

320

1

60

1

92

1/2

7900

MODE, SET COLOR, COLOR TABLE

SETC

OLOR

(a

ex

pl)

De

fault

Mod

e

or

C

olor

C

olo

r

C

ol

ors

Co

nditi

on Re

gi

ster No.

(aex

p)

DESCRIP

TIO

N

AN

D C

OM

MENTS

0 COLOR da ta -

LIGHT BLUE MODE 0 a

nd

1 ac

tu

ally Cha

ra

cter

lum

in

ance

(

sa

m e color as

bac

kground

)

DARK BLUE ALL

TEXT

2

de

te

rmines

Back

gro

un

d

WINDOWS

3 ch

arac

t

er

to -

BLACK 4

be

pl

ot

ted Borde1·

ORANGE

0 COLOR

data

Cha1·acter

LI

GHT

GREEN MODES 1 1

actually

determine

s Ch

aracte

r

DARK BLUE a

nd

2 cha

ra

cter

to

be Ch

aracter

RED 2 3 plott

ed

Char

acte

r

BL

ACK (

Text

Modes) 4

Backgro

und

,

Bord

er

ORANGE

0 1

Gr

ap

hics

poin

t

LIGHT GREEN MODES

3,

5, 1 2

Gra

p

hi

cs

poin

t

DARK BLUE

and

7 2 3

Graph

ics

poi

nt

(Four

-

co

l

or

3 -

BLACK

Mode

s) 4 0 Gra

phics

point

(bac

kgr

ou

nd

defa

ult

),

Bo

rder

ORANGE

MODES 4 0 1

Grap

hics

point

an d 6 1 -

(Two-

co

lor 2 -

Mo

de

s) 3 -

BLACK 4 0 Gr

ap

hi

cs

point

(

bac

k

ground

d

efau

lt

),

Bor

der

LIG

HT GREEN 0 - -

DARK BLUE 1 1

Grap

hi

cs p

oin

t lumi

nan

ce

(sa

me

col

or

as

b

ackgr

ou

nd)

MODE 8 2 0

Gr

ap

hi

cs

poi

nt

(ba

ckgr

o

un

d deliiUlt)

(1 Col

or

3 -

BLACK 2 L

um

in

ances)

4 Bor

der

CONTENTS

PREFACE

vii

1 GENERAL INFORMATION

Terminolog

y 1

Sp

ec

ial

Not

a

tions

U

se

d

In

Thi

s

Manual

3

Abbre

v

iation

s

Used

In

This

M

anual

4

Operating

Modes

5

Spec

ial

Fun

c

tion

K

eys

5

Arithmetic

Operator

s 6

Operator

Precedence

7

Built-In

Fun

c

tions

7

Graphics

8

Sound

and

Games

8

W

ra

pa

round

and

Key

board

Rollover 8

Error

Messages

8

2 COMMANDS

BYE

9

CONT

9

E

ND

9

LET

10

LIST

10

NEW

10

REM

10

RUN

11

S

TOP

11

3 EDIT FEATURES

Scr

ee

n E

diting

13

Control

(CTRL) Key

13

Shift

Key

13

Doub le K

ey

F

un

c

ti

ons

14

Cursor

Control

Keys

14

K

ey

s

Used

W

ith

CTRL Key

14

Keys

Used W

ith

Shi

ft

K

ey

14

Special

Function

Key s

14

Br

e

ak

Ke

y

14

Escape Key

14

4 PROGRAM STATEMENTS

FOR/NE

XT

/S

TE

P

15

GOSUBIRETURN

16

GOTO

17

I

F/T

H

EN

18

Contents

iii

ON/GOSUB

20

ON!GOTO

20

POP

20

RESTORE

21

TRAP

22

5 INPUT/OUTPUT COMMANDS

Input/Output

Devices

23

CLOAD

24

CSAVE

24

DOS

25

ENTER

25

INPUT

25

LOAD

26

LPRINT

26

NOTE

26

OPEN/CLOSE

26

POINT

28

PRINT

28

PUT/GET

28

READ/DATA

28

SAVE

29

STATUS

29

XIO

30

Chaining

Programs

30

6 FUNCTION LIBRARY

Arithmetic

Functions

33

ABS

33

CLOG

33

EXP

33

INT

33

LOG

34

RND

34

SGN

34

SQR

34

Trigonometric

Functions

34

ATN

34

cos

34

SIN

35

DEG/RAD

35

Special

Purpose

Functions

35

ADR

35

FRE

35

PEEK

35

POKE

35

USR

36

7 STRINGS

ASC

37

CHR$

37

iv

Contents

LEN

38

STR$

38

VAL

38

Str

ing

Ma

nipul

a

tion

s

39

8

ARRAYS

AND

MATRICES

DIM

41

CLR

43

9

GRAPHICS

MODES

AND

COMMANDS

GRAPHICS

45

Graphics

Modes

45

ModeO

46

Mo

de

s 1

and

2

46

Mod

es

3, 5, and 7

47

Mod

es

4 a

nd

6

48

Mode8

47

COLOR

48

DRA

W

TO

48

LOCATE

48

PLOT

49

POSITION

49

PUT/GET

49

SETCOLOR

50

XIO (

Sp

e

cial

Fill

Application)

54

A

ss

igning

Colors

to

Tex

t

Modes

54

Gra

ph

ic

s Co

nt

r

ol

C

har

acter

s

56

10

SOUND

AND

GAME

CONTROLLERS

SOUND

57

PADDLE

59

PTRIG

59

ST

ICK

59

STRIG

60

11

ADVANCED

PROGRAMMING

TECHNIQUES

Mem ory Con

servat

ion

61

Programm

i

ng

In

M

ac

hin

e La

ngu

age

63

APPENDIX

A

BASIC

RESERVED

WORDS

A-1

APPENDIX

B

ERROR

MESSAGES

B-1

APPENDIX

C

ATASCII

CHARACTER

SET

WITH

DECIMAL

/

HEXADECIMAL

LOCATIONS

C-1

APPENDIX

D

ATARI

400

/

800

MEMORY

MAP

D-1

Conte

nts

V

APPENDIX

E DERIVED FUNCTIONS

E-1

APPENDIX

F

PRINTED

VERSIONS

OF

CONTROL CHARACTERS F-1

APPENDIX

G GLOSSARY G-1

APPENDIX

H USER PROGRAMS

H-1

APPENDIX

I MEMORY LOCATIONS 1-1

INDEX

117

vi

Conte

nt

s

PREFACE

This

manual

assumes

the

user

has

read

the

Atari

BASIC -A Self-Teaching

Guide

or

some

other

book

on

BASIC.

This

manual

is

not

intended

to

"teach"

BASIC.

It

is a

reference

guide

to

the

commands,

statements,

functions,

and

special

applications

of

Atari® BASIC.

The

programs

and

partial

programming

examples

used

in

this

manual

are

photostats

oflistings

printed

on

the

Atari

820™

Printer.

Some

of

the

special

sym-

bols

in

the

Atari

character

set

do

not

appear

the

same

on

the

printer;

e.g.,

the

clear

screen

symbol

'~"

appears

as a " }

".

The

examples

in

the

text

were

chosen

to

illustrate

a

particular

function-

not

necessarily

"good"

programming

techniques.

Each

of

the

sections

contains

groups

of

commands,

functions,

or

statements

dealing

with

a

particular

aspect

of

Atari

BASIC.

For

instance,

Section 9

contains

all

the

statements

pertaining

to

Atari's

unique

graphics

capabilities.

The

appen-

dices

include

quick

references

to

terms,

error

messages, BASIC

keywords,

memory

locations,

and

the

AT

ASCII

character

set.

As

there

is

no

one

specified

application

for

the

Atari

Personal

Computer

System,

this

manual

is

directed

at

general

applications

and

the

general

user.

Appendix

H

contains

programs

that

illustrate

a

few

of

the

Atari

system's

capabilities.

Preface

vii

TERMINOLOGY

1

GENERAL

INFORMATION

This

section

explains

BASIC

terminology,

special

notations

,

and

abbre

v

iation

s

used

in

this

manual,

and

the

special

keys

on

the

AT

ARI 400™

and

AT

ARI

800

™

Personal

Computer

Systems

keyboard

.

It

also

points

to

other

sections

where

BASIC

commands

deal

with

specific

applications.

BASIC:

Beginner's

All-purpose

Symbolic

Instruction

Code.

BASIC

Keyword:

Any

reser

v

ed

word

"legal

"

in

the

BASIC

language.

May

be

used

in

a

statement

,

as

a

command,

or

for

any

other

purpose.

(See

Appendi

x A

for

a list

of

all

"reserved

words"

or

keywords

in

AT

ARI BASIC.)

BASIC

Statement:

Usually

begins

with

a

keyword

,

like

LET,

PRINT,

or

RUN.

Constant:

A

constant

is a

value

expressed

as

a

number

rather

than

represented

by

a

variable

name

.

For

example,

in

the

statement

X =

100

, X is a v

ariable

and

100

is

a

constant.

(See

Variable.)

Command

String:

Multipl

e

commands

(or

pr

o

gr

am st

at

em e

nt

s)

pl

ac

ed

on

th

e

same

numbered

line

separated

by

colons.

Expression:

An

e

xpression

is i

my

le

gal

c

ombin

a

tion

of

va

riables

, c

onstan

ts,

operators,

and

functions

used

together

to

compute

a

value.

Expressions

can

be

either

arithmetic,

logical,

or

string

.

Function:

A

function

is a

computation

built

into

the

computer

so

that

it

can

be

called

for

by

the

user

's

program.

A

function

is

NOT

a

statement

; it

is

part

of

an

expressi

o

n.

It

is r

ea

lly

a

subroutin

e

used

to

c

omput

e a

va

lu

e

which

is

then

"returned"

to

the

main

program

when

the

subroutine

returns.

COS (Cosine),

RND

(random),

FRE

(unused

memory

space),

and

INT

(integer

)

are

ex

amples

of

functions

.

In

man

y cases

th

e v

alue

is

s

impl

y as

sign

ed to a

va

riabl

e (stored

in

a

var

iable)

for

lat

er use.

In

other

ca

s

es

it

may

be

print

ed

out

on

th

e

scr

een

im-

mediately.

See Section 6

for

more

on

functions.

Examples

of

functions

as

they

might

appear

in

programs

are:

10

PF.:HH

F.l[l(

0)

(

print

ou

t

the

random

numb

er ret

urn

ed)

(add

the

value

re-

r

et

urn

ed to 100 a

nd

sto

re the

to

ta

l in

variable

X)

General In

fo

r

ma

tion 1

2 Gene

ral

Inf

orm

at

ion

Logical

Line:

A

logical

line

consists

of

one

to

three

physical

lines,

and

is

ter-

minated

either

by

a l;i#iii;lli

or

automatically

when

the

maximum

logical

line

limit

is

reached.

Each

numbered

line

in

a BASIC

program

consists

of

one

logical

line

when

displayed

on

the

screen.

When

entering

a

line

which

is

longer

than

one

physical

line,

the

cursor

will

automatically

go

to

the

beginning

of

the

next

physical

line

when

the

end

of

the

current

physical

line

is

reached

.

Ifi@ii!;lllis

not

entered,

then

both

physical

lines

will

be

part

of

the

same

logical

line.

Operator:

Operators

are

used

in

expressions.

Operators

include

addition

(+),

subtraction

(-

),

multiplication ( *

),

division (/), exponentiatinn

(A),

greater

than

(>), less

than

(<),equal

to

(=

)

,greater

than

or

equalt

o(>=),

less

than

or

equalto

(

<,:::

),

and

not equal

to

(< >

).

The

logical

keywords

AND,

NOT

and

OR

are

also

operators.

The

+

and

-

operators

can

also

be

used

as

unary

operators;

e.

g.,

-3.

Do

not

put

several

unary

operators

in

a

row;

e.g.,--3

,

as

the

computer

will

in-

terpret

it

incorrectly.

Physical

Line:

One

line

of

characters

as

displayed

on

a

television

screen.

String:

A

string

is a

group

of

characters

enclosed

in

quotation

marks.

"ABRACADABRA"

is a

string.

So

are

"

ATARI

MAKES

GREAT

COMPUTERS"

and

"123456789"

. A

string

is

much

like

a

constant,

as

it

too,

may

be

stored

in

a

variable

. A

string

v

ariable

is

different,

in

that

its

name

must

end

in

the

character$.

For

example,

the

string

"AT

ARI

800"

ma

y

be

assigned

to

a

variable

called

A$

using

(optional)

LET

like

this:

10

LET

A$="ATAF.J

8H0"

OR (note quot

ation

marks)

(LET is optional;

the

quotes are required.)

Quotation

marks

may

n

ot

be

used

within

a

string.

However

,

the

closing

quota-

tion

can

be

omitted

if

it

is

the

last

character

on

a

logical

line.

(See

Section

7 -

STRINGS).

Variable:

A

variable

is

the

name

for

a

numerical

or

other

quantity

which

may

(or

may

not)

change.

Variable

name

s

ma

y

be

up

to

120

characters

long.

However,

a

variable

name

must

start

with

an

alphabetic

letter,

and

ma

y

contain

only

capital

letters

and

numerical

digits.

It

is

ad

v

isable

not

to

use

a

ke

yw o

rd

as a

variable

name

or

as

the

first

part

of

a va

riable

name

as

it

m ay

not

be

inte

r

preted

correctly.

Examples

of

s

toring

a

value

in

a

vari

a

ble:

LETC

123Dt..J8=

1.

234

LETI

.

.JARIABLE112=267

.

543

LETA=1

LET

F5TH=6

.5

LET

TH

J::;HO

=

59

.

::

:

£19

Note:

LET

is

optional

and

may

be

omitted)

Variable

Name

Limit:

ATARI BASIC

limits

the

user

to

128

variable

names

.To

bypass

this

problem

,

use

individual

elements

of

an

arra

y

instead

of

having

separate

vari

a

ble

names.

BASIC

keeps

all

refe

r

ence

s

to

a

variabl

e

which

has

been

deleted

from

a

program

,

and

the

name

still

remains

in

the

variable

name

table.