Casio ALGEBRA FX 2.0 Manuale utente

19990401

Programming

8-1 Basic Programming Steps

8-2 Program Mode Function Keys

8-3 Editing Program Contents

8-4 File Management

8-5 Command Reference

8-6 Using Calculator Functions in Programs

8-7 Program Mode Command List

8-8 Program Library

Chapter

This unit comes with approximately 144 kbytes of memory.

•You can check how much memory has been used and how much remains

by entering the SYSTEM Mode from the Main Menu, and then pressing

1(Mem). See “9-2 Memory Operations” for details.

19990401

8-1 Basic Programming Steps

Description

Commands and calculations are executed sequentially, just like manual calculation

multistatements.

Set Up

1. From the Main Menu, enter the PRGM Mode. When you do, a program list appears on

the display.

Selected program area

(use

and

to move)

Files are listed in the alphabetic sequence of their

names.

Execution

2. Register a file name.

3. Input the program.

4. Run the program.

8-1-1

Basic Programming Steps

#Ifthere are no programs stored in memory

when you enter the PRGM Mode, the

message “No Programs” appears on the

display and only the NEW item (3) is shown

in the function menu.

#The values to the right of the program list

indicate the number of bytes used by each

program.

#Afile name can be up to eight characters

long.

#The following are the characters you can use in

a file name:

A through Z, r,

, spaces, [, ], {, }, ’, ”, ~,

0 through 9, ., +, –, ×, ÷

#Registering a file name uses 24 bytes of

memory.

#The file name input screen remains on the

display if you press wwithout inputting a file

name.

#To exit the file name input screen and return to

the program list without registering a file name,

press i.

19990401

○○○○○

Example 1 To calculate the surface area (cm2) and volume (cm3) of three regular

octahedrons when the length of one side is 7, 10, and 15 cm

Store the calculation formula under the file name OCTA.

The following are the formulas used for calculating surface area S

and volume V of a regular octahedron for which the length of one side

A is known.

Procedure

1mPRGM

23(NEW)OCTAw*1

3!J(PRGM)3(?)aav(A)6(g)6(g)3(:)*2

c*!x( )d*av(A)x6(g)4(^)

!x( )c/d*av(A)Md

41(EXE) or w

hw(Value of A)

wbaw

wbfw

w*3

8-1-2

Basic Programming Steps

S = 2 3 A2,V= –––– A3

*1Press 3(NEW) and the cursor changes form

to indicate alpha character input.

*2The following shows how the calculation of the

surface area and volume of a regular

octahedron would be calculated using a

manual calculation.

Surface Area S ... c*!x()d*

<value of A> xw

Volu me V ............ !x()c/d*

<value of A> Mdw

*3Pressing wwhile the final result of a program

is on the display changes to the program list.

#You can also run a program while in the RUN

•

MAT Mode by inputting: Prog ”<file name>” w.

# Pressing wwhile the final result of a program

executed using this method is on the display

re-executes the program.

#An error occurs if the program specified by Prog

”<file name>” cannot be found.

S when A = 7

V when A = 7

S when A = 10

V when A = 10

S when A = 15

V when A = 15

19990401

8-2 Program Mode Function Keys

•{NEW} ... {new program}

uWhen you are registering a file name

•{RUN}/{BASE} ... {general calculation}/{number base} program input

•{

Q} ... {password registration}

•{SYBL} ... {symbol menu}

uWhen you are inputting a program —— 1(RUN) … default

•{JUMP} ... {top}/{bottom} of program

•{SRC} ... {search}

•{MAT}/{STAT}/{LIST}/{GRPH}/{DYNA}/{RECR}

... {matrix}/{statistic}/{list}/{graph}/ {Dynamic Graph}/{recursion} menu

•Pressing !J(PRGM) displays the following PRGM (PROGRAM) menu.

•{Prog} ... {program recall}

•{JUMP} ... {jump command menu}

•{?}/{^^

^} ... {input}/{output} command

•{I/O} ... {I/O control/transfer command menu}

•{IF}/{FOR}/{WHLE}/{CTRL}/{LOGIC}

... {conditional jump}/{loop control}/{conditional loop control}/{program control}/

{logical operation} command menu

•{CLR}/{DISP} ... {clear}/{display} command menu

•{

:} ......... {separator for expressions and commands}

See “8-5 Command Reference” for full details on each of these commands.

•Pressing u3(SET UP) displays the mode command menu shown below.

•{ANGL}/{DISP}/{CPLX}/{GRPH}/{STAT}/{DERIV}/{T-VA R }/{ΣDSP}

See “SET UP Screen Function Key Menus” on page 1-7-1 for details about each of these

commands.

8-2-1

Program Mode Function Keys

19990401

uWhen you are inputting a program —— 2(BASE)*1

•{JUMP}/{SRC}

•{d~o} ... {decimal}/{hexadecimal}/{binary}/{octal} value input

•{LOG} ... {logical operators}

•{DISP}... conversion of displayed value to {decimal}/{hexadecimal}/{binary}/{octal}

•{SYBL}... {symbol menu}

•Pressing !J(PRGM) displays the following PRGM (PROGRAM) menu.

•{Prog}/{JUMP}/{?}/{^^

•{= ≠<} ... {logical operator menu}

•{

:} ......... {separator for expressions and commands}

•Pressing u3(SET UP) displays the mode command menu shown below.

•{Dec}/{Hex}/{Bin}/{Oct}

•{EXE}/{EDIT}

... program {execute}/{edit}

•{NEW} ... {new program}

•{DEL}/{DEL·A}

... {specific program}/{all program} delete

•{SRC}/{REN}

... file name {search}/{change}

8-2-2

Program Mode Function Keys

*1Programs input after pressing 2(BASE) are

indicated by Bto the right of the file name.

19990401

8-3-1

Editing Program Contents

8-3 Editing Program Contents

kDebugging a Program

A problem in a program that keeps the program from running correctly is called a “bug,” and

the process of eliminating such problems is called “debugging.” Either of the following

symptoms indicates that your program contains bugs that require debugging.

•Error messages appearing when the program is run

•Results that are not within your expectations

uTo eliminate bugs that cause error messages

An error message, like the one shown below, appears whenever something illegal occurs

during program execution.

When such a message appears, press ito display the place in the program where the error

was caused. The cursor will be flashing at the location of the problem. Check the “Error

Message Table” (page

-1-1) for steps you should take to correct the situation.

•Note that pressing idoes not display the location of the error if the program is

password protected. Instead, it returns to the program list screen.

uTo eliminate bugs that cause bad results

If your program produces results that are not what you normally expect, check the

contents of the program and make necessary changes.

The 1(JUMP) key is also useful when editing program contents.

1(JUMP)b(Top) ....... Moves the cursor to the

top of the program

1(JUMP)c(Bottom)… Moves the cursor to the

bottom of the program

19990401

kUsing an Existing Program to Create a New Program

Sometimes you can input a new program by using a program already in memory as a base.

Simply recall the existing program, make the changes you need, and then execute it.

○○○○○

Example 2 To use the OCTA program (page 8-1-2) to create a program that

calculates the surface area (cm2) and volume (cm3) of regular

tetrahedrons when the length of one side is 7, 10, and 15 cm

Use TETRA as the file name.

The following are the formulas used for calculating surface area S

and volume V of a regular tetrahedron for which the length of one

side A is known.

Use the following key operations when inputting the program.

Length of One Side A .. !J(PRGM)3(?)aav(A)6(g)6(g)3(:)

Surface Area S ............ !x( )d*av(A)x6(g)4(^)

Volume V ..................... !x( )c/bc*av(A)Md

Compare this with the program for calculating the surface area and volume of a regular

octahedron.

Length of One Side A .. !J(PRGM)3(?)aav(A)6(g)6(g)3(:)

Surface Area S ............ c*!x( )d*av(A)x6(g)4(^)

Volume V ..................... !x( )c/d*av(A)Md

As you can see, you can produce the TETRA program by making the following changes in

the OCTA program.

•Deleting c*(underlined using a wavy line above)

•Changing dto bc(underlined using a solid line above)

8-3-2

Editing Program Contents

S = 3 A2,V= –––– A3

19990401

8-3-3

Editing Program Contents

Now edit OCTA to produce the TETRA program.

1. Edit the program name.

6(g)2(REN)ATETRAw

2. Edit the program contents.

2(EDIT)

eeeeDD

cdDbc

3. Try running the program.

1(EXE) or w

hw(Value of A)

wbaw

wbfw

19990401

8-3-4

Editing Program Contents

kSearching for Data Inside a Program

○○○○○

Example To search for the letter “A” inside the program named OCTA

1. Recall the program.

2. Press 2(SRC) or wand input the data you want to find.

2(SRC)

av(A)

3. Press wto begin the search. The contents of the program appears on the screen with

the cursor located at the first instance of the data you specified.*1

4. Each press of wor 1(SRC) causes the cursor to

jump to the next instance of the data you specified.*2

*1The message “Not Found” appears when the

search data you specify cannot be found in

the program.

*2If there are no more instances of the data you

specified, the search operation ends and the

cursor returns to the point from which you

started your search.

#You cannot specify the newline symbol (_) or

display command (^) for the search data.

# Once the contents of the program are on the

screen, you can use the cursor keys to move

the cursor to another location before searching

for the next instance of the data. Only the part of

the program starting from the current cursor

location is searched when you press w.

#Once the search finds an instance of your data,

inputting characters or moving the cursor

causes the search operation to be cancelled.

#If you make a mistake while inputting characters

to search for, press Ato clear your input and

re-input from the beginning.

19990401

8-4-1

File Management

8-4 File Management

kSearching for a File

uTo find a file using initial character search

○○○○○

Example To use initial character search to recall the program named OCTA

1. While the program list is on the display, press 6(g)1(SRC) and input the initial

characters of the file you want to find.

6(g)1(SRC)

OCT

2. Press wto search.

•The name that starts with the characters you input highlights.

#If there is no program whose file name starts

with the characters you input, the message

“Not Found” appears on the display. If this

happens, press ito clear the error message.

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