Cisco BR1400 Series Guida di riferimento rapido

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1Introduction to Technology

The BR1400 Bridges are used to wirelessly connect two networks (usually in different buildings).

When two or more bridges are used, one bridge must be defined as the ROOT BRIDGE. Cisco

wireless bridges default to operation in root bridge mode. In any bridge domain (group of

connected bridges) there should exist only one Root Bridge. Other bridges must be configured to

operate in non-root mode. The NON-ROOT Bridge will initiate a link to the root bridge and all

bridges can subsequently transmit data.

Longer ranges can be activated with appropriate selection of antennas and clear line of sight. It

should be noted that only bridges have this extended range capability. The extended range is

achieved by stretching the timing parameters set forth in the IEEE 802.11 specifications. The

802.11 specification was based on a presumption that a wireless LAN communication link

(keeping in mind this is defining a LOCAL Area Network) would be not more than 1000 feet.

Therefore distances for Access Point to client communication are limited to approximately one-mile

range for quality performance; irrespective of transmit power, cable, and antenna combinations.

This is due to timing restrictions in the 802.11 protocol which synchronize the timing of the

communications to support delays induced by the distance.

1400 Series Wireless Bridge Outdoor Deployment Guide

The purpose for this document is to cover 5 GHz Regulations, 1400 Series Wireless Bridge

Product, interference issues, installation guide, troubleshooting tips and added features. This guide

will help a Network IT professional, who has limited knowledge about RF, but desires to deploy

a wireless Bridge link. This document covers topics that one needs to understand to determine if

the wireless link will work, how to design it, how to install it,optimize the link, maintain and

troubleshoot it.

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Figure 1. Typical Bridge application used to connect different buildings across a

campus or a metro area

Cisco Aironet Bridges support IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree and can therefore participate in

complex Layer 2 network designs involving redundant or meshed links.

1.1 Channels and Data Rates

IEEE 802.11a defines requirements for a PHY operating in the 5.0 GHz Unlicensed National

Information Infrastructure (UNII) frequency band and data rates ranging from 6 Mbps to 54 Mbps

in seven increments-6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 & 54 Mbps. It uses the Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiplexing-, which is a multi carrier system as compared to single carrier systems.

OFDM allows sub channels to overlap, giving us a high spectral efficiency. The modulation

technique allowed in (OFDM) is more efficient than the spread spectrum techniques use. More bits

are stuffed per second per hertz and provides up to 54 Mbps of data rate to network users.

For US-based 802.11a standard, the 5GHz unlicensed band covers 300 MHz of spectrum and

supports 12 non-overlapping channels. The channel frequencies and numbering defined in IEEE

802.11a start at 5 GHz for United States and each channel is spaced 5 MHz apart. The Figure 2

below shows the center frequency of the channels. The frequency of the channel is 10MHz either

side of the dotted line.

Figure 2. UNII 3 Band

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The 5GHz Band is actually a conglomerate of three Bands in USA: 5.150-5.250(UNII 1), 5.250-

5.350(UNII 2), and 5.725-5.875(UNII 3) GHz. UNII-1 and the UNII-2 bands are contiguous

and are indeed treated by 802.11a as being a continuous swath of spectrum 200MHz wide, more

than twice the size of the 2.4GHz ISM band. This results in a key benefit for 802.11a—the

200MHz wide UNII-1 and UNII-2 bands are divided up into eight non-overlapping channels,

each 25MHz wide.

1.2 Regulations

Outdoor Bridging utilizes UNII 3 band and there are regulatory limitations that apply in this band.

1.2.1 Federal Communications Commission (FCC)Regulations with respect to the

UNII 3 Band

Devices that operate in Unlicensed Bands do not require any formal licensing process, but

operations in these bands still obligate the user to follow regulations. The geographical bodies in

different parts of the world regulate these Bands. WLAN devices must comply withthe local

geographical regulatory domains. The regulatory agencies set the radio emission requirements for

WLAN to minimize the amount of interference a radio can generate or receive from another in the

same proximity. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is responsible for framing rules

and regulations for WLAN operations in a particular band in United States. The set of FCC

regulations that apply to WLAN operation in the 5 GHz band is a subset of FCC Part 15

regulations. In addition to US, Australia, New Zealand and various parts of Asia and Oceania also

fall in the FCC regulatory domain.

For latest information please refer to the following URL:

www.cisco.com/go/aironet/compliance

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/smbiz/wireless/approvals.html

1.2.2 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

The radio energy radiated from an antenna is called the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP).

The EIRP is usually expressed in Watts or dBm. To enable fair and equitable sharing of the

unlicensed band, regulatory domains impose maximum EIRP levels.

Directional antennas, such as Yagi and Parabolic dishes have the capability of shaping the signal

from the transmitter so it appears stronger in a particular direction (much the same as the reflector

on a flashlight strengthens a light beam). This is known as antenna gain.

Antenna cables can add loss attenuating the transmitted signal. The longer the cable, the more

attenuation, and the more signal loss in the cable affecting both receive and transmit. Cable

attenuation is dependent upon the grade and manufacturer. Low-loss cable is typically around 6.7

dB per 100 ft (30m) at 2.4GHz.

As the EIRP is a measure of the power out of the antenna, the EIRP must include the antenna gain

and the cable loss together with the power out of the transmitter.

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1.2.3 Power Levels

The UNII-2 band is intended for wireless bridging both for indoor applications as well as short

range outdoor applications. UNII-3 band, with far greater transmit power and antenna gain

allowances is preferable for long range outdoor wireless bridging.

To facilitate this, the regulations allow for connectors and the use of cable and auxiliary antennas for

both of these bands. The effective radiated power allowed in UNII-3 band is 4 watts (36 dBm),

which is much more than the radiated power of 1 watt (30 dBm) allowed in UNII-2 band. Rather,

the UNII-2 band is treated by the Wi-Fi community as being a less-restrictive extension of the

UNII-1 band generally supporting clients and Access Points.

The channel numbers corresponding to the four centre frequencies for UNII-3 band are 149,153,

157 and 161.

Regulatory Domain Frequency Band Channel number Centre frequencies

USA UNII middle band

5.725-5.825 GHz 149

153

157

161

5.745 GHz

5.765 GHz

5.785 GHz

5.805 GHz

Table 1. Channel Numbers for UNII-3 Band

The maximum antenna gain allowed is 6dBi. The transmit power may be reduced to accommodate

higher gain, more directional antennas while staying within the EIRP limits for a particular band. This

is explained in detail, later in this section.

5.15 5.35 5.725

5.25

4Channe

40mW

250mW

UNII-1: Indoor Use, antenna must be fixed to the radio

UNII-2: Indoor/Outdoor Use, fixed or remote antenna

UNII-3: Primarily used for Outdoor Bridging

UNII-1UNII-2UNII-3

Conducted Power

(16dBm

)

(24dBm

)

(30dBm

)

Radiated

Power

Antenna

Gain

6dB

22dB

30dBm

36dBm

1 W

158mW

5 GHz UNII

Band

4Channe

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Figure 3. Conducted and Radiated Power Levels in UNII-1,2 & 3 Bands

Wireless systems are certified as complete systems. In the US, the FCC requires that all antennas

sold by a Wireless vendor be certified with the radio with which they are to be sold. Cisco Aironet

systems are tested and certified for each country using Cisco Aironet components. If amplifiers or

third party antennas are used, then it is likely the entire system must be recertified. Systems

integrators and installers are responsible for FCC compliance or recertification when using third

party equipment.

1.2.4 Other Regulatory Domains

In addition to FCC, other main regulatory domains for operation in 5GHz are European

Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), Japan, China (Mainland China), Israel, Singapore

and Taiwan (Republic of China).

Check the Cisco web site for compliance information and also with your local regulatory authority

on what is permitted within your country.

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/smbiz/wireless/approvals.html

ETSI recommended frequency band for bridging is 5.470 to 5.725 GHz offering almost eleven

channels with the same EIRP rules as FCC. In exchange of this wide spectrum, the ETSI

recommendation mandates the inclusion of two features not currently found in 802.11 products,

Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and Transmit Power Control (TPC). DFS and TPC are the

two functions handled quite well by the HyperLAN2 specification. The IEEE 802.11h standard

covers both DFS and TPC that will apply to the 5 GHz band at a later date.

1.2.5 FCC Regulations regarding EIRP limitations with Point-to-Point & Point-to-

Multipoint Wireless Networks

Wireless bridges can be deployed to establish a direct link between two sites. The network traffic

between the two sites is bridged or forwarded to the other bridge, as if were one network. This is

called a point to point link.

Point-to-multipoint wireless links are an expansion of the point-to-point link in which one

centralized bridge can establish multiple point-to-point links. Using point-to-multipoint connection,

multiple remote sites such as buildings can be linked together into a single logical network. In a

point-to-multipoint architecture, these remote sites are linked to a single root bridge at a centralized

site.

For point-to-multipoint UNII-3 systems, the directional antenna of 6 dBi gain can be used. And if

gain is greater than 6 dBi then the peak transmit power of the device has to be reduced by amount

in dB the directional antenna gain exceeds 6 dBi.

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EIRP = Peak Transmit power (30dBm or 1 Watt) + 6 dBi = 36 dB (4 Watts), a constant.

Point-to-point UNII-3 systems, may employ the transmitting antennas of directional gain up to 23

dBi, without any corresponding reduction in peak transmit power. For antennas with gain greater

than 23 dBi, a dB reduction in output power is required for every corresponding dB increase in

excess of 23 dBi.

EIRP = Peak Transmit power (30dBm or 1Watt) + 23 dBi = 53 dB (200 Watts), a constant.

2BR1400 Wireless Bridge Product Introduction

Cisco’s BR1400 Series, brings about one of the most flexible and feature rich bridging products

Cisco has ever made. It was designed to deployed quick and easily in a multitude of different

environments and for different purposes.

The BR1400 Series Wireless Bridge is designed for building to building Wireless connectivity.

Operating in the 5.8 GHz UNII 3 Band (5725-5825 MHz), derived from the 802.11a standard,

the bridge delivers 6 to 54 Mbps data rates without the need for a license.

This allows anyone to deploy FCC certified bridges anywhere in the US without applying for or

paying for special licenses (note: some restrictions may apply over special areas such as airports

and military bases). This allows for networks to be quickly deployed and then moved if necessary

without any licensing or government reporting. An example would be at an airport or Homeland

Security application where operations need to place cameras and or other data links near critical

areas. By placing a single bridge on top of a tall structure (such as a control tower) and another on

a power/light truck pointing toward the control tower, they have effectively made a full secure link.

Continuing with the scenario as often as required they could move the power/light truck and

effectively move the link through the grounds an endless number of times, each time without

worrying about trenching cables or applying for licensees.

Bridge 1400 is IOS based, and it has the following IOS features:

•Transparent bridging between the wired Ethernet and wireless 802.11a Radio Interface.

•Native Ethernet and 802.1q tagging is supported on both the wired Ethernet and wireless

802.11a Radio interfaces.

•Support for 802.1d Spanning Tree Protocol.

•Support for 802.1q Virtual LAN to work in conjunction with a Switch/Router attached to

the BR1400.

•Support for Port Aggregation Protocol (PagP) and Fast Ether Channel (FEC) providing up

to 100 Mbps of combined bandwidth, by stacking two BR1400 bridges.

•QoS support, 8 transmit priority queues are provided in IOS, with 1 queue per

802.1D/802.1p user priority value for the radio interface.

•IP TOS/DSCP based classifications are supported for classifying voice packets.

•Link level redundancy for P2P using STP.

•Security:

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40-bit and 128-bit WEP encryption

802.1x and LEAP

AAA Radius Server support

Enhanced Encryption Features like TKIP,MIC.

•Voice support for P2P configurations.

•Support for Cisco IP-based protocols like TCP, UDP, TFTP, FTP, ARP, ICMP, CDP,

SNMP, RADIUS, TACACS, SNTP, Telnet and NTP.

•Network management support via three interfaces: SNMP, Web Interface, Telnet/CLI.

•Support for Cisco View network management system.

•IP Address Management, supporting DHCP client/server and DNS client/server

functionality

•Provides diagnostic and statistics information, using any of the management interfaces.

•Installation Mode for aligning the antenna and setting up the ODU at the outdoor site.

2.1 Product Overview

The system consists of a weather proof wireless bridge, a Power Injector-LR, a Power Adaptor,

a grounding block at the building entrance and optionally external antennas. The Bridge and the

external antennas, if used, are installed outdoors. The grounding Block is installed at the building

entrance and the Power Injector LR and DC power supply are installed indoors. The overall

System block diagram is shown in the Figure below.

Figure 4. Schematic of Typical Bridge Installation

2.1.1 Wireless Bridge

The BR1400 wireless bridge includes all the RF and Digital Radio circuitry including four external

interfaces:

1. A pair of 75 ohm F-type coaxial connectors for Power Injector LR interface functioning as

100 Mbps Ethernet communication port and DC power input.

2. Radio interface, which includes a directional captive antenna or an N-type RF connector

for a remote antenna.

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3. RSSI voltage port for antenna alignment

4. Four LEDs providing system status and antenna alignment feedback.

Due to its rugged design, the BR1400 Series Bridge is designed primarily for outdoor deployments.

Unlike other equipment where special care needs to be taken to carefully protect the equipment

from the elements such as wind, rain and other weather conditions such as extreme temperature

gradients on both ends of the spectrum, the BR1400 series was designed with this exact problem in

mind. The BR1400 is plenum rated eliminating the need to have additional NEMA or other

weatherproof enclosures and can operate in temperatures ranging from -22°F all the way to 131°F

without any external temperature influencing devices. The entire unit is designed to withstand and

still operate in severe conditions including very high wind and precipitation of all types.

The BR1400 wireless bridge is available with highly directional captive (built in) antenna. The gain

of captive antenna is 22.5 dBi. We also have an option for connecting external antennas under a

different SKU where it provides an N-type RF connector for interfacing to various external

antennas for greater range and flexibility.

Figure 5. AIR-BR1410A-A-K9 and AIR-BR1410A-A-K9-N

Please note the Radome provides an environmentally sealed enclosure and is not removable from

the housing. Therefore, you should plan in advance about what type of network you want to

deploy, as these SKUs are not interchangeable in the field. If you wish to use high gain antennas for

longer range or perhaps an Omni antenna for multi-point operation you may need to order the

SKU on the right of the picture above.

In addition to the conventional role of the radio in the bridge as “Root” or “Non Root”, BR1410

has more roles in radio network which facilitates the installation and alignment. Observable LEDs

and the voltage port can be used for alignment, so one does not need a laptop or any other

conventional tool for installing these bridges. Please refer to the documentation for BR1410

available on our website:

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ps5279/index.html

2.1.1.1 Antennas for the BR1400

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The antennas listed here are available as optional remote antennas for the BR1400. The Beamwidth

and the gain of the antennas are mentioned in the Tables below.

Part Number Description

AIR-AN58G09VOA-N5.8 GHz 9 dBi Non-Diversity Omni Vertical Polarization Ant with N-Type Connector

AIR-AN58G10SSA-N5.8 GHz 10 dBi Non-Diversity Symmetric Sector Antenna with N-Type Connector

AIR-AN58G28SDA-N5.8 GHz 28 dBi Non-Diversity Symmetric Dish Antenna with N-Type Connector

Table 2. External Antennas for BR1400 Wireless Bridge

Antenna Horizontal Beamwidth (degrees) Vertical Beamwidth (degrees)

Integrated (Captured) 12.0 10.0

Omni 360 6 +/-0.5

Sector 60.0, minimum 60.0, minimum

Dish 5.7 6.0

Table 3. Beamwidths of the Antennas

Please refer to the installationsection in the BR1400 manual for details about which antennas may

be used.

2.1.2 Power Injector-LR (Long Reach)

The Power Injector-LR is a self-contained functional unit suitable for indoor installation. It provides a

100 Base-T Ethernet link between the In-building LAN and the outdoor wireless unit (ODU). The

main function of Power Injector is to provide power onto the Ethernet connection to the ODU. The

Ethernet connection to the ODU is via two 75-ohm coax cables, the coaxial cables can be RG6,

RG59 or higher quality 75-ohm cable with a maximum length up to 100 meters. The indoor connection

to the local LAN uses standard category 5 twisted pair copper and can provide connectivity at lengths

up to 100 meters. The Power Injector is poweredby the power adapter and supplies the DC voltage

into both coaxial cables powering the ODU.

Please note that these coaxial cables do not carry any RF (radio frequency) energy. All the RF is

contained within the Outdoor Unit or Bridge.

The Power Injector has three externalinterfaces:

1. RJ45 connector for internal 100 baseT LAN interface.

2. A pair of 75 ohm F-type coaxial connectors for 100 baseT interface to the wireless bridge

(ODU).

3. DC power connector interfaced to the power adapter.

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Three LEDs are included on the front power injector as shown in the figure below. They indicate

Ethernet activity, Injector Status and Uplink activity. There is a fourth LED (on the side of the box)

indicating DC power from the power adapter.

Figure 6. Power Injector-Long Reach

2.1.3 Power Adaptor

Power Adaptor provides +48V DC to the power injector. It is rated to deliver 60 W of DC

power. It has two interfaces:

1. DC output through a short cable via a barrel style power connector .25 OD (center

positive) interfacing to Power Injector

2. Universal AC input connector to be plugged into an AC power cord.

2.1.4 Grounding Block

Grounding block (Cisco provided) should be installed inline with 75 ohm coax cables at the

building entrance providing lightning protection. It has straight through F-connectors where the

shield is connected to the body of the block. This type device is commonly available for CATV

type usage by third party vendors.

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