Commodore Plus/4 Manuale utente

Programmer's

Reference

Guide

for

the

Commodore

Plus

Cyndie

Merten

•

Sarah

Meyer

Programmer's

Reference

Guide

for

the

Conunodore

Plus/4

Programmer's

Reference

Guide

for

the

Commodore

Plus/4

Cyndie

Merten

Sarah

Meyer

SCOTT,

FOKESMAKT

AND

COMPANY

Glenview,

miaols

London

Graphics

characters

that

appear

Table

3-1

and

Appendixes

and

are

used with

permission

Commodore

Business

Machines,

Inc.

1986

Cyndie

Merten and

Sarah

Meyer.

All

Rights

Reserved.

Printed

the

United

States

America.

ISBN

0-673-18249-5

Library

Congress

Cataloging-in-Publication

Data

Merten,

Cyndie.

Programmer's

reference

guide

for

the

Commodore

Plus/4.

Includes

index.

Commodore

Plus/4

(Computer)—Programming.

BASIC

(Computer

program

language)

Meyer,

Sarah

II.

Title.

QA76.8.C65M47

1986

005.2'65

85-18409

ISBN

0-673-18249-5

6-RRC-90

89 88

87 86

The

following

are

trademarks

Commodore

Business

Machines,

Inc.:

Commodore

and

the

Commodore

logo,

Commodore

Plus/4,

Commodore

16,

Commodore

64,

VIC-20,

VIC-1541,

1531

Datassette,

C2N/1530

Datassette,

Modem/300

Model

1660,

MPS-801,

Joystick

T-1341,

VIC-1526,

VIC

Modem

1600,

Automodem

1650.

The

following

registered

trademark

Parker

Brothers:

Boggle.

Notice

Liability

The

information

this

book

distributed

on an

"As

Is"

basis,

without

warranty.

Neither

the

author

nor

Scott,

Foresman

and

Company

shall

have

any

liability

customer

any

other

person

entity

with

respect

any

liability,

loss,

damage

caused

alleged

caused

directly

indirectly

the

programs

contained

herein.

This

includes,

but

not

limited

to,

interruption

service,

loss

data,

loss

business

anticipatory

profits,

consequential

damages

from

the

use

the

programs.

Preface

The

Commodore

Plus/4

represents

important

advance

home

computer

design.

The

low-priced

Plus/4,

which

Commodore

refers

its

productivity

computer,

includes

significant

improvements

over

the

phenomenally

popular

Commodore

and

over

any

other

computer

the

home

computer

class.

The

built-in

features

include

expanded

version

BASIC

(Version

3.5),

machine-

language

monitor,

graphic-drawing

commands,

improved

disk-

and

error-

handling

commands,

and

integrated

software

that

combines

three

programs:

word

processor

spread

sheet,

with

graph

generator

linked

file

manager

The

built-in

programs

are

accessed

function

key.

The

Plus/

has

RAM

built

in,

60671

bytes

which

are

available

for

use

BASIC.

The

Plus/4

also

has

eight

defined

function

keys

that

are

easy

redefine

with

the

KEY

command.

Escape

key

functions

simplify

screen

editing

tasks

and

let

you

create

screen

windows.

The

Plus/4

also

has

simple

color

settings

that

let

you

select

from

121

different

hues.

addition,

the

graphics

modes

let

you

use

the

drawing

commands

draw

pictures

high-resolution

multicolor

modes.

You

can

also

select

split-screen

graphics

modes

that

display regular

text

five-line

screen

window

while

the

top

the

screen

graphic

mode.

Graphic

handling

much

easier

BASIC

Version

3.5

than

the

Version

2.0

built

into

the

Commodore

64.

Although

the

Plus/4

superior

the

Commodore

64,

does

have

one

disadvantage:

full

library

software

not

yet

available

for

the

Plus/4.

addition,

the

Plus/4

does

not

have

sprite

graphics,

which

are

available

the

Commodore

64,

and

the

Plus/4

music

features

are

not

sophisticated,

although

music

easier

program.

When

Commodore

introduced

the

Plus/4,

was

called

the

Commodore

264.

The

name

was

changed

Plus/4

when

Commodore

decided

include

the

built-in

integrated

software.

the

time

the

name

change,

Commodore

also

Preface

announced

the

Commodore

16,

which

compatible

with

the

Plus/4.

The

Com

modore

has

only

RAM

and

built-in

software.

The

two

new

computers

are

compatible,

all

Commodore

software

and

peripherals

are

compatible

with

the Plus/4.

About

This

Book

The

Programmer's

Reference

Guide

for

the

Commodore

Plus/4

reference

book

for

programmers

all

levels.

The

book

provides

information

for

both

BASIC

and

machine

language

programmers.

The

authors

assume

that

readers

are

familiar

with

the

general

operations

the

Plus/4

and

understand

all

the

keyboard

functions.

Neither

BASIC

nor

machine

language

taught

this

book,

but

extensive

information

provided

programming

both

languages.

Pro

grammers

either

BASIC

machine

language

will

find

the

information

they

need

write

programs

for

themselves

for

commercial

distribution.

The

authors

have

written

and

tested

all

the

programs

this

book.

(Please

note

that

the

programs

are

copyrighted

and

cannot

used

for

commercial

purposes.)

Cyndie

Merten,

programmer

and

mathematician,

founding

member

Dyadic

Software

Associates,

group

microcomputer

consultants.

Sarah

Meyer

free-lance

technical

writer

who

has

published

another

book

about

the

Plus/4.

Together

they

have

published

several

articles

about

Commodore

comput

ers.

The

authors

combine

their

perspectives

programmer

and

writer

produce

book

that

thorough,

technically

accurate,

and

clearly

written.

Please

note

that

Commodore

Business

Machines,

Inc.

has

not

been

involved

the

preparation

this

book.

The

authors

bear

responsibility

for

the

accuracy

the

material

presented

here.

The

Programmer's

Reference

Guide

for

the

Commodore

Plus/4

divided

into

six

chapters.

The

chapters

cover

BASIC,

the

built-in

software,

programming

techniques,

machine

language,

graphics,

and

peripheral

devices.

Memory

maps

and

other

technical

information

are

covered

the

appendixes.

Chapter

The

BASIC

Language,

provides

complete

descriptions

all

75+

commands,

functions,

and

the

system

variables

that

constitute

BASIC

3.5.

simplify

looking

BASIC

keywords,

the

elements

BASIC

3.5

are

presented

alphabetical

order,

with

commands,

functions,

and

system

variables

inter

mixed.

For

each

keyword,

the

following

information

given:

The

abbreviation

(when

there

one).

complete

syntax,

you

can

quickly

review

the

order

parameters.

description

all

uses

for

the

command

function.

explanation

and

range

possible

values

for

each

parameter.

Examples.

Preface

vii

Graphics

commands

are

given

additional

coverage

Chapter

Programming

Graphics.

Commands

for

controlling

peripherals

are

also

discussed

Chapter

Using

Peripheral

Devices.

Chapter

Some

Programming

Techniques,

also

provides

information

BASIC

commands.

The

commands

for

use

the

built-in

programs

are

explained

Chapter

The

Built-in

Software.

Chapter

divided

into

four

sections:

word

processor

com

mands,

commands

for

formatting

printed

output,

spreadsheet

commands

(including

commands

for

controlling

the

graph

generator),

and

file

manager

commands.

Within

each

section,

commands

are

explained

alphabetical

order.

Examples

are

given

where

appropriate.

Chapter

Some

Programming

Techniques,

collection

sections

diverse

programming

topics.

Both

BASIC

and

machine-language

programming

techniques

are

discussed.

Sections

include

coverage

the

following

topics:

Editing

the

screen

Using

the

Escape

key

screen-editing

functions

Using

screen

windows

Using

text

strings

Redefining

the

function

keys

Using

mathematical

functions

Programming

sound

and

music

Using

arrays

Error

handling

Chapter

Programming

Graphics,

explains

the

operations

the

graphics

modes

both

BASIC

and

machine

language.

Color

and

screen

control,

drawing

commands,

and

animation

are

among

the

topics

discussed

this

chapter.

Many

example

programs

are

also

provided.

Chapter

Machine

Language

the

Commodore

Plus/4,

explains

the

use

the

built-in

monitor

commands

and

the

application

6502

machine-language

programming

the

Plus/4.

This

chapter

does

not

teach

machine

language,

but

does

review

the

instruction

set

and

describe

the

operating

system

for

machine

language

programmers

all

levels.

Chapter

Using

Peripheral

Devices,

describes

the

operations

the

disk

drive,

cassette

recorder,

printers,

modem,

and

joystick

BASIC

and

machine

lan

guage.

Each

peripheral,

and

the

commands

that

control

it,

explained

separate

section.

Particular

attention

given

disk-handling

operations.

Disk

operating

system

(DOS)

error

messages

are

explained

Appendix

The

appendixes

are

provided

explain

additional

technical

information

and

provide

quick

reference

material.

The

six

appendixes

cover

error

messages

for

viii

Preface

BASIC

and

DOS

errors,

BASIC

tokens,

character

string

(CHR$)

codes,

ASCII

codes,

screen

display

codes,

musical

note

chart,

and

memory

and

maps.

The

Programmer's

Reference

Guide

for

the

Commodore

Plus/4

also

contains

extensive

index

that

designed

make

finding

information

this

book

quick

and

easy.

advise

users

consult

the

index

first

when

seeking

specific

information.

The

authors

have

taken

great

care

ensure

accuracy

and

thoroughness

the

topics

that

are

presented

this

book.

cannot

guarantee,

however,

that

the

book

error

free.

have

tried

make

the

book

easy

use

and

understand,

and

hope

you

find

helpful

and

instructive.

welcome

your

comments

and

corrections.

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