Ectron 441A Manuale utente

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

MODEL 441A

FREQUENCY-TO-VOLTAGE

CONVERTER

The information contained in this manual is proprietary. Permission to reproduce all or

part must first be obtained in writing from this company.

Ectron Corporation reserves the right to make specification changes at any time.

LIFE-SUPPORT POLICY: Ectron products are not authorized for use in life-support

devices or systems without the express, written approval of the President of

Ectron Corporation.

Ectron Corporation 8159 Engineer Road

U.S.A.

Revised September, 2015 858-278-0600

800-732-8159

For units with serial numbers

62230 and above. Fax: 858-278-0372

www.ectron.com

[email protected]

All Ectron instruments are warranted against defects in material and workmanship for one year

from the date of shipment to the original purchaser. Ectron agrees to repair or replace any

assembly or components (except expendable items such as fuses, lamps, batteries, etc.) found to

be defective during this period. Ectron's obligation under this warranty is limited solely to

repairing or replacing, at its option, an instrument that in Ectron's sole opinion proves to be

defective within the scope of the warranty when returned to the factory or to an authorized

service center. Transportation to the factory or service center is to be prepaid by the purchaser.

Shipment should not be made without the prior authorization of Ectron. This warranty does not

apply to products repaired or altered by persons not authorized by Ectron, or not in accordance

with instructions furnished by Ectron. If the instrument is defective as a result of misuse,

improper repair, alteration, neglect, or abnormal conditions of operation repairs will be billed at

Ectron's normal rates. Ectron assumes no liability for secondary charges of consequential

damages as a result of an alleged breach of this warranty; and in any event, Ectron's liability for

breach of warranty under any contract or otherwise shall not exceed the purchase price of the

specific instrument shipped and against which a claim is made. This warranty is in lieu of all

other warranties, expressed or implied; and no representative or person is authorized to represent

or assume for Ectron any liability in connections with the sale of our products other than is set

forth herein.

If a fault develops, notify Ectron or its local representative, giving full details of the difficulty.

Include the model and serial numbers. On receipt of this information, a service date or shipping

instructions will be furnished. If shipment is indicated, forward the instrument, freight prepaid,

to the factory or to the authorized service center indicated in the instructions.

Instruments should be tested upon receipt. If there is any damage, a claim should be filed with

the carrier. A full report of the damage should be obtained by the claim agent, and that report

should be forwarded to Ectron. Ectron will advise the disposition to be made of the equipment

and arrange for repair or replacement. Please include model and serial numbers in all

correspondence.

GENERAL

PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE

DAMAGE IN TRANSIT

Table of Contents

PAGE

Warranty Inside Front Cover

Section I, Description

General 1-1

Features 1-1

About this Manual 1-3

Abbreviations 1-4

Section II, Specifications

General 2-1

Input 2-1

Output 2-2

Frequency-to-voltage Conversion 2-3

Calibration 2-4

Alignment 2-4

Front Panel 2-4

Retention of Settings 2-4

Input Power 2-4

Environment 2-5

Dimensions 2-5

Compatibility 2-5

Section III, Operation

General 3-1

Connections 3-1

Operational-state Diagram 3-1

Limits vs Settings 3-4

View Angle 3-4

Controlling the Model 441A 3-4

Operate Screen 3-6

Frequency-set Screen 3-6

Voltage-set Screen 3-7

Input-signal Screens 3-7

Pulses/Revolution Screen 3-7

Input-sensitivity Screen 3-8

Input-B/W (Filter) Screen 3-9

Output-filter Screen 3-9

Cal Screen 3-10

Secondary Screens 3-10

Ten-volt Alignment 3-11

Reset 3-12

Enclosures 3-13

Model E408-1 3-13

Model E408-6 3-13

Model R408-14 3-14

Section IV, Applications

General 4-1

Input-signal Conditioner 4-1

Input Signal, Grounding, and Shielding 4-1

Emi Protection 4-2

Frequency-to-analog Conversion 4-2

Output Analog Filter and Output Stage 4-2

Frequency and Voltage Set Points 4-2

Noise 4-3

Uncertainty and Resolution 4-5

Filtering 4-8

Input Bandwidth Filter 4-8

Output Filter 4-9

Digital Filter 4-9

Selectable Input Sensitivity 4-12

Response Time 4-12

Update Rate 4-12

Latency 4-13

Front-panel Indication 4-13

Calibration 4-13

Vehicle Applications 4-14

Section V, Theory of Operation

General 5-1

Signal Conditioning (Hardware) 5-2

Frequency Measurement (Firmware) 5-2

Transfer Function (Firmware) 5-2

Output Stages (Hardware) 5-2

Power Supplies (Hardware) 5-3

PAGE

Table of Contents Model 441A

Section VI, Calibration

Equipment Required 6-1

Pre-calibration 6-1

Alignment 6-4

Post-calibration 6-5

Optional Calibration Tests 6-5

Ectron Model 441A Calibration Test Report 6-7

Section VII, Parts Lists

Names of Manufacturers 7-1

Model E408-6 Enclosure 7-2

Model R408-14 Enclosure 7-3

Figures

Model 441A 1-1

Figure 3-1, Operational-state Diagram 3-2

Figure 3-2, View-angle Screens 3-4

Figure 3-3, Operate Screen 3-6

Figure 3-4, Frequency-set Screen 3-6

Figure 3-5, Voltage-set Screen 3-7

Figure 3-6, Pulses/Revolution Screen 3-8

Figure 3-7, Input-sensitivity Screen 3-8

Figure 3-8, Input-bandwidth Screen 3-9

Figure 3-9, Output-filter Screen 3-9

Figure 3-10, CAL Screen 3-10

Figure 3-11, Adjust 10 V Screen 3-11

Figure 3-12, Alignment-required Screen 3-11

Figure 3-13, Memory-error Screen 3-12

Figure 3-14, Reset Screen 3-12

Figure 4-1, Maximum Uncertainty for

Various Frequencies 4-4

Figure 4-2, Worst-case Resolution for

Various Frequencies 4-5

Figure 4-3, Maximum of Uncertainty and

Resolution for Various Frequencies 4-6

Figure 4-4, Maximum Output Noise

with a 10 mV Sine-wave Input 4-7

Figure 4-5, Maximum Output Noise

with a 1 V Sine-wave Input 4-8

Figure 4-6, Effects of the Digital

(Periodic-error) Filter 4-10

PAGE

Model 441A Table of Contents

iii

Figure 4-7, Filtering Scheme for ABS Testing 4-11

Figure 4-8, Filter Circuit for ABS Testing 4-12

Figure 4-9, Strip-chart Recording of ABS Action 4-13

Figure 5-1, Model 441A Block Diagram 5-1

Figure 6-1, Frequency-range Setup 6-2

Figure 6-2, Frequency-calibration Setup 6-3

Figure 6-3, Alignment 6-4

Figure 6-4, Optional Tests 6-5

Tables

Table 1-1, Abbreviations in This Manual 1-4

Table 2-1, Input Bandwidth and

Sensitivity Settings 2-1

Table 2-2, Front-panel Screens 2-6

Table 3-1, Connector-pin Assignments 3-1

Table 3-2, Default Settings and Limits 3-3

Table 4-1, Input Frequency vs

Output Voltage (Example) 4-3

Table 4-2, Response Time Versus Output Filter Setting 4-9

Table 6-1, Input Sensitivity 6-6

Table 7-1, List of Manufacturers 7-1

Schematics and Drawings

Model E408-6Y (Internal 12 V dc Power Supply) 408-600

Model E408-6X (Internal 28 V dc Power Supply) 408-601

Model R408-14Y (Internal 12 V dc Power Supply 408-605

Model R408-14X (Internal 28 V dc Power Supply 408-606

Model 441A Outline Dimensions 441-901

Model E408-1 Outline Dimensions 408-900

PAGE

Table of Contents Model 441A

Section I

Description

GENERAL

The Model 441A produces an ana-

log voltage that precisely repre-

sents the frequency of an applied

input signal. Adjustable “input fre-

quency to output voltage” set

points allow the user to quickly

bracket the frequency of interest.

A unique crystal-controlled micro-

controller design provides fast re-

sponse, high conversion accuracy,

and low output noise that is inde-

pendent of frequency. In the oper-

ate mode, the front-panel display

shows the input frequency with up

to five-digit resolution. All oper-

ating parameters are set using the

display and only one other front-

panel control. It’s that easy. The

input-signal conditioner automat-

ically provides stable operation for

a wide range of pulse-, square-, and

sine-wave signals from under

10 mV to 100 V.

FEATURES

Reliable “state of

the art” design

The Model 441A combines the same rugged construc-

tion used in the Ectron 400 Series product line for the

last 30 years with the latest electronic and surface-mount

technology to produce a true breakthrough in frequency-

to-voltage conversion.

Designed in are rapid response to any change in fre-

quency, low output noise that is independent of input

frequency, and input-signal conditioning that automat-

ically provides correct operation for a great variety of

input signals, both in wave shape and amplitude.

Simplicity Gone is the clutter of switches, knobs, pots, etc. asso-

ciated with other frequency-to-voltage converters. All

Model 441A

Frequency-to-voltage Converter

1-1

has been replaced with two easy-to-use controls that

allow complete control: the display and the encoder.

Display The backlit digital display has the dual function of dis-

play and screen selection. Nine easy-to-use setup

screens, four less frequently used screens, as well as

the operate screen are accessible to the user at the touch

of the display.

Encoder With just this one additional control, the user can com-

pletely and easily configure the Model 441A to precisely

what the situation requires. The encoder also has a dual

purpose: character selection and change.

Wide range of applications With an input-frequency range of 1 Hz to 50 kHz and

an output-voltage range of −10 V to +10 V, the user

can employ the Model 441A to study a wide variety of

frequency-producing equipment. This is in keeping with

Ectron’s intent to provide instruments with wide appli-

cation for the serious user.

Power The Model 441A operates from any dc power from

10.5 V to 32 V. This simplifies test-configuration setup

for the user and may even reduce the cost if fewer power

sources are required.

Model 441AL versus

Model 441A

The Model 441AL incorporates a fixed-gain logic-level

input detector instead of the input automatic gain control

(AGC) of the Model 441A. The Model 441AL is de-

signed to operate with fixed-level input signals with rela-

tively sharp rise and fall times. The input can be set to

accommodate levels of 0 V to 5 V, 0 V to 25 V, and

0 V to 100 V.

The fixed gain of the Model 441AL input stage reduces

the delay in responding to an abruptly starting input

signal unlike the AGC circuit, which has a hard time

responding quickly to an input signal that starts sud-

denly. AGC timing is a compromise between fast re-

sponse and noise immunity. As a result the AGC may

not keep up with a rapidly rising input amplitude: the

Model 441A may not respond to this signal for several

hundred milliseconds. A similar situation exists for a

rapidly falling input amplitude. These delays are reduced

to one millisecond plus one period of the input signal

in the Model 441AL since no AGC stage is present.

Enclosures Because the Model 441A uses the same connector as

all other 400 Series products, it can be used in all Ectron

enclosures designed for this product line — even inter-

mixed with Model 428 and 352 conditioner-amplifiers

and Model 451 LVDT-signal conditioner. The Model

441A uses the same input and output pins as do these

Description Model 441A

1-2

other products, so the user who has existing hardware

in place can remove an amplifier-conditioner and plug

in the frequency-to-voltage converter and start using it

immediately.

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

The following sections are in this manual:

Specifications This is a complete technical description of the

Model 441A and the performance that is guaranteed.

While the performance specifications are the best in fre-

quency-to-voltage conversion, they are conservative.

The user may find that a particular unit will perform

well beyond specification.

Operation Here the user will find complete instructions to use the

Model 441A. Pictures of all the screens and an

operational-state diagram enhance the discussion. Also

discussed are the various enclosures available for the

Model 441A and other 352 and 400 Series units.

Applications Because the Model 441A is designed as a universal fre-

quency-to-voltage converter, it would be impossible to

address every possible use for this product. Rather, this

section is written to help the user get the most from the

data resulting from using the Model 441A. Concerns

about cabling, shielding, common-mode voltage, etc. are

addressed.

Theory of operation Because the Model 441A is an encapsulated unit, repair

in the field is strongly discouraged. Therefore, a detailed

circuit analysis is foregone in this manual. However,

theory at the block-diagram level as well as a discussion

of internal software is presented to further aid the user

in operating the frequency-to-voltage converter for best

performance.

Calibration Step-by-step instructions are given to test the Model

441A against its specifications. A brief overview of each

test is given to give the technician further insight into

each test performed.

Drawings Schematic diagrams of several enclosures are included

to aid the user in instrumentation configuration.

Warranty The warranty for this product is on the inside of the

front cover.

Model 441A Description

1-3

ABBREVIATIONS

Table 1-1 lists the abbreviations used throughout the manual.

Table 1-1

Abbreviations in This Manual

Symbol Meaning Typical use

ac Alternating current 120 V ac

A Ampere Power current = 150 mA

C Centigrade 50°C

dc Direct current 10.5 V dc to 32 V dc

°Degree 50°C

fco Filter cutoff frequency fco = 100 Hz

fin Input frequency fin can be 1 Hz to 50 kHz

F Farad Input Impedance = …300 pF…

fUUpper-frequency set point Volts-per-hertz resolution = VU−VL

fU−fL

fLLower-frequency set point See fU

g Gravitational force, gram Shock resistance = 20 g

Weight = 270 g

Hz Hertz (cycles per second) fin can be 1 Hz to 50 kHz

kKilo (1 ×103)Maximum frequency = 50 kHz

MMega (1 ×106)Noise-measurement

bandwidth = …1 MHz

mMilli (1 ×10−3), meter Width = 28.4 mm

ΩOhm Output impedance = 1 Ω …

oz Ounce Weight = 9 oz, nominal

pPeak, pico (1 ×10−12)Input sensitivity ≥10 mV p

Input Impedance = …300 pF…

p-p Peak to peak 20 V p-p output capability

s Second Update rate = 1 ms …

V Volt or voltage 10 mV to 100 V input

VUUpper-voltage set point See fU

VLLower-voltage set point See fU

″Inch Length = 4″

Description Model 441A

1-4

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