KEMP Technologies LoadMaster 1500 Manuale dell'operatore

LoadMaster 1500

Installation and Configuration

Guide

KEMP Technologies, Inc. reserves all ownership rights for the LoadMaster product line including software and

documentation.

The use of the LoadMaster Load Balancer is subject to the license agreement.

Information in this guide may be modified at any time without prior notice.

Company names used in examples are fictitious unless otherwise noted.

Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun Logo, Solaris, SunOS and Java are trademarks or registered trademarks of

Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries.

UNIX is a registered trademark of X/Open Company Ltd.

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

Microsoft, Windows and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft

Corporation.

Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.

Intel and Pentium are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation.

All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Document version: V1.4

Date of issue: 02/11/2005

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION I. APPLICATION GUIDE ....................................................................................................8

A. Preface........................................................................................................................................8

1. Foreword .................................................................................................................................8

2. The LoadMaster Documentation ..................................................................................................8

3. Typographical Conventions.........................................................................................................8

4. Glossary and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................8

B. Overview of the LoadMaster ........................................................................................................9

1. Load Balancing and it’s Benefits ..................................................................................................9

2. Considerations in Getting Started ..............................................................................................10

3. A Simple Balancer Configuration................................................................................................11

4. LoadMaster Load Balancer Features...........................................................................................12

C. LoadMaster Network Topologies................................................................................................14

1. One-Armed Balancer ...............................................................................................................14

2. Two-Armed and Multi-Armed Balancer .......................................................................................14

3. Direct Server Return – DSR example ..........................................................................................15

D. Miscellaneous Networking Issues ..............................................................................................16

1. S-NAT ...................................................................................................................................16

2. Default Gateway and Routes.....................................................................................................17

E. Single/Dual Unit Configurations ................................................................................................18

1. Single Unit Configuration..........................................................................................................18

2. High Availability (HA) Configuration...........................................................................................18

F. Balancing Methods......................................................................................................................19

1. Round Robin ..........................................................................................................................19

2. Weighted Round Robin.............................................................................................................20

3. Least Connection ....................................................................................................................20

4. Weighted Least Connection.......................................................................................................20

5. Agent Based Adaptive Balancing................................................................................................20

G. Layer 4 Persistency ....................................................................................................................21

1. Source IP Address Based Persistency .........................................................................................21

H. Layer 7 Persistency ...................................................................................................................21

1. SSL session ID Based Persistency..............................................................................................21

2. URL Based Persistency.............................................................................................................21

3. URL Host Based Persistency......................................................................................................22

4. Cookie Based Persistency.........................................................................................................22

5. Cookie/Source (Cookie or IP source) Based Persistency ................................................................22

6. Active Cookie Based Persistency................................................................................................22

7. Active Cookie/Source (Active Cookie or IP source) Based Persistency..............................................22

8. Cookie hash Persistency...........................................................................................................22

9. Port Following.........................................................................................................................22

I. SSL Acceleration .......................................................................................................................23

1. Certificate files .......................................................................................................................23

J. Rule Based Content Switching....................................................................................................23

1. Rule Definition........................................................................................................................23

1.1. Special Characters................................................................................................................24

1.2. Regular expressions..............................................................................................................24

1.3. Host name matching.............................................................................................................24

K. Health Checking ........................................................................................................................25

1. Service and non-service based Health Checking...........................................................................25

L. SNMP Support............................................................................................................................27

1. LoadMaster Performance Metrics via SNMP .................................................................................27

2. LoadMaster Event Traps via SNMP.............................................................................................28

M. LoadMaster Software Upgrades ................................................................................................29

1. Online Upgrades .....................................................................................................................29

N. Miscellaneous.............................................................................................................................29

1. Remote Syslogd Support..........................................................................................................29

2. How to get a license................................................................................................................30

2.1. Get a 30 day evaluation license..............................................................................................30

2.2. Get a full LoadMaster license..................................................................................................30

2.3. Get full High Availability LoadMaster cluster licenses..................................................................30

2.4. Upgrading the evaluation license to a full single or HA license......................................................31

3. Backup and Restore ................................................................................................................31

4. System recovery.....................................................................................................................31

5. Interoperability between L4 / L7 Virtual Services .........................................................................32

O. Appendix I.................................................................................................................................32

1. API for Agent Based Adaptive Balancing .....................................................................................32

2. Http Server Configuration for Cookie Support..............................................................................33

3. MIB-tree................................................................................................................................34

II. INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION GUIDE ..........................................................................34

A. Before Getting Started...............................................................................................................34

1. The LoadMaster Appliance........................................................................................................35

1.1. Delivery Content ..................................................................................................................35

1.2. LoadMaster 1500 Hardware ...................................................................................................35

2. Connecting the Hardware.........................................................................................................35

B. Initial Setup of your LoadMaster Single Unit (non-HA)..............................................................35

1. Login and License Key .............................................................................................................35

C. Initial Setup of a LoadMaster High Availability (HA) Cluster......................................................36

1. Login and License Key .............................................................................................................36

2. Configuring the second LoadMaster............................................................................................36

D. Quick Setup................................................................................................................................37

E. Main Menu ..................................................................................................................................38

1. Configuration Menu basics........................................................................................................38

1.1. Quick Setup.........................................................................................................................39

2. Service Management (CLI) .......................................................................................................39

3. Local Administration................................................................................................................39

3.1. Set Password.......................................................................................................................39

3.2. Set Date/Time .....................................................................................................................39

3.3. Set Keyboard Map.................................................................................................................39

3.4. Backup/Restore ...................................................................................................................40

3.5. Remote Access Control..........................................................................................................40

4. Basic Setup............................................................................................................................40

4.1. Network configuration...........................................................................................................40

4.2. Hostname Configuration........................................................................................................41

4.3. DNS configuration ................................................................................................................41

5. Extended Configuration............................................................................................................41

5.1. Interface Control..................................................................................................................41

5.2. Enable/Disable S-NAT ...........................................................................................................41

5.3. Syslogd Configuration...........................................................................................................42

5.4. SNMP metrics ......................................................................................................................42

5.5. SNMP traps .........................................................................................................................42

5.6. Enable/Disable L7 persistency state failover .............................................................................43

5.7. Enable/Disable L4 connection state failover..............................................................................43

5.8. Multicast Configuration..........................................................................................................43

5.9. HA timeout..........................................................................................................................43

6. Packet Filter & Access Control Lists.............................................................................................43

6.1. Access control Lists ..............................................................................................................43

7. Utilities..................................................................................................................................44

7.1. Software Upgrade ................................................................................................................44

7.2. Transfer mode .....................................................................................................................44

7.3. Network Time Protocol Host...................................................................................................45

7.4. SSL certificate administration.................................................................................................45

7.5. Update License ....................................................................................................................45

7.6. Diagnostics .........................................................................................................................45

8. Reboot ..................................................................................................................................46

9. Exit LoadMaster Config ............................................................................................................46

F. The LoadMaster Questionnaire ...................................................................................................46

1. Single LoadMaster Balancer Solution..........................................................................................46

2. Highly Available dual LoadMaster Balancer Solution......................................................................46

III. COMMAND LINE INTERFACE...................................................................................................47

2. Adaptive scheduling command level...........................................................................................48

3. Health check command level.....................................................................................................49

5. Rule Edit command level..........................................................................................................50

6. Virtual Service (VIP) command level..........................................................................................51

IV. WEB USER INTERFACE (WUI) CONFIGURATION GUIDE ...........................................................56

A. Glossary and Abbreviations .......................................................................................................56

B. Fast Track..................................................................................................................................57

1. How To Login .........................................................................................................................57

2. Create a Simple Virtual Service.................................................................................................57

3. Create a Virtual Service with Content Rules ................................................................................60

4. Create an SSL accelerated Virtual Service...................................................................................63

C. Full Menu Tree...........................................................................................................................64

1. Home....................................................................................................................................65

2. Virtual Services ......................................................................................................................65

2.1. Add Virtual Service...............................................................................................................65

2.2. Virtual Service Properties ......................................................................................................65

2.3. Real Server Assignment ........................................................................................................67

2.4. Add / Modify Real Server.......................................................................................................67

2.5. Add Rule.............................................................................................................................68

2.6. Rule Precedence...................................................................................................................68

3. Global Settings.......................................................................................................................68

3.1. Content Rule Management.....................................................................................................68

3.2. Service Health Check Parameters ...........................................................................................68

3.2.1. Check Interval ..................................................................................................................68

3.3. Connect & Response timeouts................................................................................................69

3.4. Re-try Count .......................................................................................................................69

4. Adaptive Parameters ...............................................................................................................69

4.1. Adaptive Interval .................................................................................................................69

4.2. Adaptive URL.......................................................................................................................69

4.3. Port.....................................................................................................................................69

4.4. Min Control Variable Value.....................................................................................................69

4.5. Min Weight Adjustment Value.................................................................................................69

4.6. Real Server Availability .........................................................................................................69

5. Balancer Metrics .....................................................................................................................70

5.1. Global Metrics......................................................................................................................70

5.1.2. Real Server Metrics............................................................................................................70

5.1.3. Virtual Service Metrics........................................................................................................70

6. System Properties...................................................................................................................70

6.1. Route Management...............................................................................................................70

6.2. Access Control.....................................................................................................................70

6.2.1. Packet Filter Enabled..........................................................................................................70

6.2.2. Reject/Drop blocked packets ...............................................................................................71

6.2.3. Access control Lists............................................................................................................71

6.2.4. Add Address .....................................................................................................................71

6.3. Miscellaneous ......................................................................................................................71

6.3.1. SNAT Control....................................................................................................................71

6.3.2. Set Transfer Protocol..........................................................................................................71

6.3.3. Set HA Timeout.................................................................................................................71

Section I. Application Guide

A. Preface

1. Foreword

Thank you for purchasing KEMP’s LoadMaster!

We wish you much success with your KEMP’s LoadMaster Appliance.

2. The LoadMaster Documentation

The KEMP’s LoadMaster documentation consists of 2 manuals:

- The Application and Installation guide, which describes the main features of the

Load Balancer and the setup of the LoadMaster hardware component,

- The WUI manual, i.e. the manual for the Web User Interface, which describes the setup and control of a

Load Balancing Site via the Web User Interface.

3. Typographical Conventions

Screenshots and photographs may be design models and might not correspond exactly to real-life

components.

4. Glossary and Abbreviations

Access Code: An Access Code will be generated during the initial setup of the LoadMaster. You must contact

your KEMP Technologies representative for your 60-day evaluation or your full purchased license key.

Balancer: A network device or logic that distributes inbound connections with a common source address

across a farm of server machines.

Farm Side: The LoadMaster network interface to which the server farm is connected.

Flat-based: The VIPs and the real servers are on the same subnet.

HA: Highly Available or High Availability (used interchangeably)

ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol

MIB: Management Information Base, a database of object definitions. The definition specifies whether an

SNMP manager can monitor the object.

NAT: Network Address Translation

NAT-based: The VIPs and the real servers are on different subnets.

Network Side: The LoadMaster network interface over which requests to the server farm are made.

One-armed: Only one Ethernet interface is used for in and outbound traffic. Farm side and Network side are

both connected to it.

RS: Real Server: Physical server machines which make up a server farm.

Service: A Service is an application that is connected to the network.

Shared IP: The shared (floating) IP address is always the assigned IP address of the active LoadMaster in a

HA solution.

SCP: Secure copy command of SSH

SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol, a network protocol used to manage TCP/IP networks. This

protocol provides functions that enable you to access the data object whose definitions are located in the MIB.

S-NAT: Network Address Translation for a source IP address.

SSH: Secure Shell Protocol

Two-armed: Two Ethernet interfaces are used for in and outbound traffic, one connected to the network side

and one to the farm side.

UTC: Universal Time Coordinated

VIP: Virtual IP Address: The IP address of a service defined on the LoadMaster.

VS: Virtual Service: An entry on the LoadMaster over which a service being hosted in the server farm can be

reached.

WUI: Web User Interface used to perform LoadMaster administration via a web browser.

B. Overview of the LoadMaster

1. Load Balancing and it’s Benefits

As the Internet and networking based Applications evolve and become more sophisticated, they also become

more complicated and unwieldy for those who operate these services and applications. Consequently, the

following issues become key in providing users with the Quality of Service they expect and require:

 Scalability of server machines – as the demand on services and applications grows, it is no longer

sufficient to simply upgrade the hardware that hosts these units. Sooner or later, physical limits of

hardware upgradeability are reached. Furthermore, users are not willing to accept the downtime that

accompanies such upgrades.

 High availability of services and applications – as Internet based networking is used for mission critical

applications such as banking, B2B and voice over IP, the availability of services can easily determine

the success or failure of a business.

 Greater flexibility – as the number and diversity of Internet services and applications increases, it

becomes imperative for network managers to have an environment in which they can trivially “juggle”

their resources around on demand, without endangering the robustness of the environment.

 Improved performance – mission critical services and applications require deterministic response

times. The competition is only a click away.

The Solution . . .

Load Balancers are highly robust network devices, and have the effect of making several server machines

appear as one. Thus, a network service can be distributed across an array of physical machines – sometimes

referred to as a server or application farm. The Load Balancer channels requests to a network service using a

variety of intelligent scheduling methods. This has several benefits, which is why load balancing has become a

successful and widely employed technique in recent years:

 Scalability of server machines – can be achieved by simply adding server machines to the farm as

demand for services increases. Upfront investments in server capacity, which may go unused, can be

avoided.

 High availability of services and applications – since services are replicated across multiple machines

within the farm, the loss of a single server does not result in a total loss of service for the customer –

worst case, a drop in performance may be experienced.

 Greater flexibility – server machines can be added and removed from the farm on demand resulting in

an immediate effect. Services – sometimes referred to as Virtual Services in the context of Load

Balancers – can be trivially tuned and shuffled around the server farm, thus ensuring optimal usage of

resources.

 Improved performance – intelligent load balancing algorithms ensure that requests are directed to

those machines in the server farm that can most effectively handle them.

The LoadMaster Load Balancer provides a more reliable, flexible and cost effective solution to addressing high

traffic load and mission critical applications, resulting in a high Quality of Service (QoS) at a low Total Cost of

Ownership (TCO).

2. Considerations in Getting Started

Skip this section if you are already familiar with the basic Load Balancer functions and know how to set up a

Balancer-Server combination.

The Installation and Configuration Guide describes how to go about installing and configuring your LoadMaster

such that load-balanced services (virtual services) can be supported. However, before doing so, the following

considerations covered by the LoadMaster documentation should be taken into account when setting up your

LoadMaster for the first time:

What sort of LoadMaster network topology best suits my application? [See section C of this guide]

Do my real servers require publicly routable IP addresses or can they be “hidden” behind the LoadMaster on a

private network segment? [See section C of this guide]

Does my Application require the Balancer and Real Servers to be part of a flat-based topology? [See section C

of this guide]

Will network connections be initiated from within the application farm to the outside, as well as from the

outside to within the farm? [See section D of this guide]

Do I require a High Availability support in the form of an active/hot-standby redundant cluster? [See section E

of this guide]

How do I intend to replicate my application across multiple real server machines?

What kind of Virtual Service settings best suits my application? [See section F of this guide]

Will a round robin balancing algorithm do or do I need to take aspects of my application into consideration and

report these back to the Balancer? [See section F of this guide]

Is connection persistency at all an issue for my application? [See section G and H of this guide]

Will source-based IP persistency suffice or do I need to take layer 7 aspects into consideration? [See section G

and H of this guide]

Do I wish to integrate the LoadMaster into my current SNMP environment? [See section

J of this guide]

Which forms of real server health checking will best suite my application? [See section K of this guide]

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