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LEADER

CURVE

TRACER

INSTRUCTION

MANUAL

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Page

1.

DESCRIPTION

.

1

2.

SPECIFICATIONS

.

1

3.

CONTROLS

AND

CONNECTORS

.

1

4.

OPERATION

4.1

Preliminary

Notes

.

3

4.2

Preparation

.

5

4.3

Transistor

Measurements

..

5

4.3.1

NPN,

low

level

.

5

4.3.2

NPN,

power

type

.

6

4.3.3

PNP,

low

level

.

6

4.3.4

PNP,

power

type

.

6

4.3.5

Measurement

of

hpg

..

7

4.4

Measurement

of

FET’s..

..

8

4.4.1

N-cEannel

FET,

and

N-channel

MOS

FET..

8

4.4.2

P-channel

FET,

and

P-channel

MOS

FET

.

8

4.4.3

Mutual

conductance,

gm,

measurement

..

8

4.4.4

Enhancement

type

FET

measurement

.

9

4.5

Diode

Measurements

4.5.1

Standard

test

condition

.

9

4.5.2

General

purpose:

Power

rectifiers,

detectors

.10

4.5.3

Zener

diodes

.....10

4.5.4

Tunnel

diodes

...10

4.5.5

Quantitative

diode

measurements

...10

4.6

SCR

(Thyristor)

Measurements.H

4.7

UJT

(Unijunction

transistor)

Measurements.

j

j

5.

Measurements

with

External

Bias

5.1

General...

12

5.2

Transistor

Measurements

....

12

5.2.1

Bias

supplies

.

12

5.2.2

hpg

measurements.

5.2.3

IcEO

measurements

.

jg

5.3

F

ET

Measurements..

.

.

.

..

2

3

5.3.1

Bias

supplies

.13

5.3.2

gm'

measurements

.

1

4

5.3.3

Pinch-off

Voltage,

Vp,

measurement

.-.14

5.3.4

Drain

current,

measurement.15

6.

In-Circuit

Testing...j

5

6.1

General..

6.1.1

Application

.15

6.1.2

Use

of

In-Circuit

Probe,

LP-11

.15

6.2

Display

of

Defective

Transistors,

FET

.16

6.3

Notes

on

In-Circuit

Testing

.17

7.

MAINTENANCE.18

7.1

Removing

the

Panel

from

Case.18

7.2

Fuse

Renewal.18

7.3

AC

Input

Connections.18

1.

DESCRIPTION

Curve

tracing

on

a

scope

is

made

easy

with

the

LTC-905.

Characteristic

curves

of

all

types

of

semiconductors

can

be

accurately

displayed.

This

is

far

superior

to

the

conventional

ohmmeter

checks

for

quality.

In-circuit

testing

is

possible

for

quick

checks.

Two

inputs

are

provided

which

enable

comparison

of

two

similar

units.

LTC-905

is

designed

to

test

the

following:

1.

Transistors

-

NPN,

PNP,

FET

and

MOS

FET.

2.

SCR’s

(Thyristors)

and

Triacs.

3.

Diodes

-

rectifier,

detector,

zener

and

tunnel.

2.

SPECIFICATIONS

Collector/Drain

Sweep

Frequency

Voltage

Sweep

Waveform

Current

Current

Limiter

Step

Generator

No.

of

Steps

Current

per

Step

Volt

per

Step

External

Bias

Power

Requirements

Size

and

Weight

Accessories

120Hz,

or

100Hz

(2

x

line

frequency).

8

steps:

10,

20,

30,

40,

50,

60,

80

and

100V;

accuracy,

±10%.

(Rated

voltage)

Fullwave

rectified.

100mA,

maximum.

100012

for

low

level

transistors;

100S2

for

power

transistors.

7.

10,

20,

50/iA;

0.1,

0.2,

0.5,

1,

2mA;

accuracy,

±5%.

0.1,

0.2,

0.5V;

accuracy,

±5%.

One

curve

display.

100,

120,

200,

220,

or

240V,

50/60Hz,

25VA

maximum

operating,

and

6VA

at

standby.

240(W)X

90(H)X

170(D)

mm,

2kg,

(9^”X

3>f

X

6K”;

4.5

lbs.)

Instruction

manual

.

1

3-lead

cable

(banana

plugs/clips)

.

2

Scope

leads,

2

red

and

1

black

.1

set

In-circuit

test

probe,

LP-11

.

1

3.

CONTROLS

AND

CONNECTORS

®

POWER

switch

Turns

on

the

AC

power.

(D

Pilot

lamp

Indicates

when

AC

power

is

on.

(D

POLARITY

switch

Selects

the

mode

of

operation.

©

VERTICAL

jacks

Connections

to

vertical

scope

input.

©

EXT.

BIAS

jack

Connection

to

an

external

source

to

apply

base

or

gate

bias

for

a

one

curve

display.

i

©

BASE

CURRENT/

GATE

VOLTAGE

switch

(7)

Banana

plug

jacks

®

TO-5

socket

©

SELECTOR,

lower

©

SELECTOR,

upper

©

TO-5

socket

@

Banana

plug

jacks

@

COLLECTOR/DRAIN

SWEEP

VOLTAGE

switch

@

CURRENT

LIMIT

switch

©

H.

LENGTH

control

@

HORIZONTAL

jacks

Sets

the

bias

current

in

eight

steps

and

gate

voltage

in

three

steps;

provided

with

position

for

external

bias.

One

group

for

test

lead

connections:

Color

;

Transistor

FET

Blue

C

-

Collector

D-

Drain

Green

B

-

Base

G

-

Gate

Yellow

!

E

-

Emitter

S

-

Source

For

insertion

of

transistor

under

test.

Selects

input

at

“A”

or

“B”

side.

At

OFF,

both

sides

are

disconnected.

Setting

depends

on

type

of

transistor,

NPN

or

PNP

at

TRANS;

MOS

FET

and

FET

at

FET.

Same

as

®

.

Same

as

(7)

.

With

eight

positions

for

setting

the

sweep

voltage.

Set

at

SIGNAL

for

low

level

types

and

at

POWER

for

power

types.

Adjusts

the

amplitude

of

the

horizontal

sweep

on

the

scope.

Connections

to

horizontal

scope

input.

o

4.

OPERATION

4.1

Preliminary

Notes

A.

A

C

Line

Voltage.

The

AC

voltage

for

operation

should

be

kept

within

±10%

of

the

rated

value,

see

CHART

1.

When

low,

the

performance

will

be

affected;

when

high,

damage

may

result

to

circuit,

components

in

the

instrument.

CHART

1

Rating,

V

Range,

V

Fuse

100

90

-

110

120

108

-

132

200

180

-

220

0.5A

220

198

-

242

240

216

-

264

The

line

fuse

is

0.5A

for

all

voltages.

Refer

to

Sect.

7.3

for

primary

connections

when

different

voltages

are

used.

B.

A

C

Input

Phasing.

Unless

the

phase

of

the

AC

voltage

to

the

LTC-905

and

scope

are

in

proper

relation,

“double

curves”

will

be

displayed,

see

Fig.

4-1.

This

can

be

corrected

by

reversing

the

AC

plug

connection

on

the

scope

or

LTC-905.

NOTE:

When

the

scope

is

not

provided

with

the

DC

input

to

the

horizontal

amplifier,

the

proper

display

may

not

be

obtained.

Fig.

4-1

Double

curve

effect,

AC

phasing

not

proper.

C.

Collector

or

Drain

Sweep

Application.

In

order

to

protect

the

transistors

and

diodes

against

damage,

care

must

be

taken

in

application

of

the

sweep

voltage.

Voltages

over

10V

should

not

be

used

unless

specially

noted.

D.

Scope

Characteristics

The

scope

for

curve

tracing

is

used

as

an

X-Y

scope.

It

is

necessary

that

the

scope

satisfies

the

conditions

in

CHART

2.

3

CHART

2

i

Amplifier

Bandwidth

'

i

Sensitivity,

minimum

Vertical

DC

-

1kHz

or

higher

0.1V/cm,

or

/div.

Horizontal

DC,

or

AC

-

1kHz

or

higher

lV/cm,

or

/div.

In

quantitative

measurements,

particularly

for

hpp

and

g

m

,

a

scope

with

the

vertical

gain

calibrated

in

V/cm

should

be

used.

For

ease

in

readouts,

the

V/cm

sensitivities

converted

to

the

most

used

mA/cm

calibration

at

two

settings

of

the

CURRENT

LIMIT

switch

are

listed

in

CHART

3.

CHART

3

Vertical

Sensitivity

CURRENT

LIMIT

Setting

SIGNAL

POWER

i

50mV/cm

0.5mA/cm

5mA/cm

0.1

V/cm

1

mA/cm

10m

A/cm

0.2V/cm

!

2mA/cm

i

20mA/cm

0.5V/cm

!

5mA/cm

!

50mA/cm

By

adjusting

the

H.

LENGTH

control

for

the

trace

to

cover

10cm,

the

V/cm

unit

horizontally

can

be

correlated

with

the

sweep

voltage

setting.

E.

Scope

Connections

and

Settings.

Connections

between

the

scope

and

LTC-905

are

made

with

the

three

leads

as

indicated

in

Fig.

4-2,

red

leads

to

vertical

and

horizontal

inputs

and

black

lead

to

common

ground.

Set

the

vertical

gain

initially

at

lOOmV/cm

and

the

AC-DC

switch

at

DC.

Set

the

horizontal

gain

at

maximum

and

the

AC-DC

switch

at

DC

(use

AC

coupling

if

DC

is

not

provided).

4

4.2

Preparation

Switch

settings:

POWER

CURRENT

LIMIT

COLLECTOR/DRAIN

SWEEP

VOLTAGE

BASE

.

GATE

CURRENT'VOLTAGE

SELECTOR:

upper

lower

OFF.

SIGNAL.

10

V.

EXT

BIAS

Type

under

test,

TRANSistor

or

FET.

OFF.

Connections:

With

proper

attention

to

the

terminals,

the

transistor

is

connected

to

the

socket

or

leads

from

the

three

jacks

at

“A”

or

“B”

side.

When

comparing

two

units,

use

the

sockets

and

lead

connections

at

both

sides.

4.3

Transistor

Measurements

4.3.1

NPN,

low

level.

Switch

settings:

BASE

CURRENT

COLLECTOR

SWEEP

POLARITY

CURRENT

LIMIT

SELECTOR:

upper

lower

10

(lA.

10V.

NPN.

SIGNAL.

TRANS.

A

or

B,

as

connected.

The

scope

controls

are

adjusted

for

suitable

display

and

proper

positioning,

see

Fig.

4-3

and

Fig.

4-4.

Seven

curves

will

be

observed

with

Si

transistors

and

eight

curves

with

Ge

transistors.

This

serves

as

a

check.

When

the

BASE

CURRENT

is

set

at

20juA,

the

height

will

be

doubled.

The

transistor

can

be

said

to

be

satisfactory

when

the

curves

are

displayed

as

shown

in

the

figures.

5

4.3.2

NPN,

power

type.

For

NPN

power

transistors,

under

the

same

conditions

as

in

Sect.

4.3.1,

set

the

CURRENT

LIMIT

at

POWER

and

BASE

CURRENT

at

0.1

up

to

1mA.

As

the

COLLECTOR

SWEEP

VOLTAGE

is

gradually

raised

from

10V

upward.

Do

not

increase

the

sweep

voltage

beyond

the

point

where

the

curves

start

to

bend,

the

curves

will

be

as

shown

in

Fig.

4-5.

The

region

of

the

breakdown

voltage

can

be

read

off.

For

example,

with

the

sweep

voltage

at

50V,

adjust

the

H.

LENGTH

control

for

the

sweep

to

cover

10cm

horizontally,

Fig.

4-5

Power

transistor

°

r

5V/cm

’

in

this

case

-

The

collector-emitter

voltage,

V

CE

,

„>

can

be

read

easily,

curves.

The

curves

1

start

to

bend.

By

adjusting

the

H.

LENGTH

control

for

the

trace

to

cover

10cm

(or

div.),

the

V/cm

unit

can

be

correlated

with

the

voltage

settings.

NOTES.

1.

When

the

sweep

voltage

and/or

base

current

are

increased,

the

transistor

will

become

heated.

2.

Power

transistors

should

be

tested

within

as

short

a

time

as

possible.

This

will

prevent

overheating

when

the

sweep

voltage

is

over

10V

and/or

when

a

large

base

current

is

flowing.

4.3.3

PNP,

low

level.

Switch

settings:

BASE

CURRENT

COLLECTOR

SWEEP

POLARITY

CURRENT

LIMIT

SELECTOR:

upper

lower

10/uA.

10V.

PNP.

SIGNAL.

TRANS.

A

or

B,

as

connected.

The

curve

tracing

procedure

is

the

same

as

given

in

Sect.

4.3.1.

The

curve

display

will

be

as

shown

in

Fig.

4-6.

Fig.

4-6

PNP

transistor

curves.

4.3.4

P

NP,

power

type.

Set

the

switches

as

in

Sect.

4.3.2

above

with

the

following

exception:

POLARITY

at

PNP.

The

curve

tracing

procedure

is

the

same

as

described

for

NPN

power

transistors.

The

same

care

must

be

exercised

to

prevent

overheating

with

high

sweep

voltages

and

base

currents.

6

4.3.5

Measurement

of

hpg.

Measurement

of

h

FE

for

an

NPN

transistor

will

be

given;

for

the

PNP

type,

the

only

changes

will

be

in

the

setting

of

the

POLARITY

switch

at

PNP

instead

of

NPN

Ind

in

the

direction

of

the

curves.

The

DC

current

amplification

of

a

transistor

is

given

by

the

relation

-

Collector

current,

Ip

h

FE

=

---

Base

current,

Ig

For

this

measurement,

a

calibrated

scope

is

required.

Referring

to

CHART

3

(Sect.

4.1,

Parag.

D)

under

SIGNAL

of

CURRENT

LIMIT,

the

vertical

gain

is

set

at

O.lV/cm.

Under

this

condition,

the

collector

current

is

read

off

at

ImA/cm.

With

the

Si

transistor,

seven

typical

curves

for

Ig

in

lOfiA

steps

from

0

to

60/iA

are

shown

in

Fig.

4-7.

On

the

60/tA

curve,

I

c

=

4.2mA.

By

calculation,

h

FE

=

4.2

x

10'

3

/

60

x

10*

6

=

70.

In

Fig.

4-8,

curves

for

a

typical

Ge

transistor

are

shown.

From

the

I

fi

=

70/1

A,

I

c

=

2.1mA

and

hpg

=

30.

Fig.

4-8

hp

E

measurement,

Ge

transistor.

In

the

two

examples

given

above,

hpg

measurements

are

collector-emitter

voltage,

V^g

=

10V.

Other

measurements

can

be

made

when

required

with

the

sweep

voltage

at

20,

30V,

etc.

For

hpg

of

power

transistors,

set

the

CURRENT

LIMIT

switch

at

POWER

and

the

POLARITY

switch

at

NPN

or

PNP

as

required.

The

scope

sensitivity

is

set

by

reference

to

the

POWER

column

of

CURRENT

LIMIT

in

CHART

3.

For

example,

with

the

sensitivity

at

0.2V/cm,

the

calibration

will

be

20mA/cm.

By

setting

the

BASE

CURRENT

at

0.2mA,

and

SWEEP

VOLTAGE

at

50V

(10cm

length),

curves

in

Fig.

4-9

will

be

displayed.

From

the

figure,

Ig

=

1.2mA

and

I

c

=

50mA.

Thus,

hpg

is

approximately

41.7.

Measurements

of

hpg

in

this

manner

will

be

accurate

within

+10%.

For

higher

accuracy,

use

an

external

bias

supply;

details

are

given

in

Sect.

5.

Fig,

4-9

hpg

measurement,

power

transistor.

7