Olympus POS Manuale utente

PolarizingMicroscope

INSTRUCTION

MANUAL

MODEL

Thepolarizingmicroscopeisa handyinstrumentdesignedtoexaminethe

opticalcharacteristicsofmaterialsbymeansofpolarizedlight.Ontheother

hand,thefunctionsofconventionalmicroscopes,whichmakeuseoftransmitted

lightorreflectedlight,areconfinedtoexaminingthecolorandbrightnessof

specimens,Thepolarizingmicroscopegoesa stepfurther;itcanbringto

lightthechemicalstructureofeventhesmallestspecimen.

Thepolarizingmicroscope,therefore,iswidelyusedforopticalobservationin

mineralogy,lithology,chemistry,pharmacology,medicine,ceramics,and

alsoinvariousindustries,includingthetextileindustry.

OlympusModelPOSpolarizingmicroscopeisidealforuseatseniorhigh

schools,universitiesandlaboratories.

OUTSTANDINGFEATURES

Simplicityinmanipulationformaximumversatilities.

Mostcompetitivepriceformaximumapplications.

Centeringdeviceforeachobjective(exceptfor4x)

Completerangeofextraaccessories

SPECIFICATIONS:

Stand:Fullsize,balanced,permits90-degreearmmovement.

Coarsefocusingbyrackandpinion.

Finefocusingbymicrometerscrew.

Stage:140mmindiameter,rotatablethrough360°(verniersreadingfrom6')

bymeansofclampscrew.

MechanicalTubeLength:160mm

BertrandLens:Swing-outtype(bymeansofrotatinghandle),pre-centered.

Eyepieces:5x,7x(0.1mmscale),10X(cross-hair)withregistrationpin.

Objectives,Achromat:PS4x/N.A.0.10

PS10X/N.A.0.25(w/centeringdevice)

PS40x/N.A.0.65(w/centeringdevice)

Condenser:N.A.1.20,irisdiaphragm.Slidingmechanismtoinsertcompensationlens.

A.0.25withcompensationlens.

Polarizer:Rotatablethrough90°(1div.= 5°)

Analyzer:Rotatablethrough90°(1div.= 5°)

Bymeansoflever,theanalyzercanbeslidoutoftheopticalpath.

TestPlates:1/4wavelengthretardationplate(mica).Tintplateof530m/i (Gypsum)

Filter:Usea filter bothascolorcompensationanddaylight.

OPTIONALACCESSORIES

Crossmovementmechanicalstage.

Berek-typecompensationtestplate.

Photomicrographicequipment PM-6.

TransparentilluminatorLSDwith

Plug-insubstagelampLSK.

6.VerticalilluminatorLSPwith

MICROSCOPEPARTS

eyepiece

coarseadjustment

handle

fine adjustmenthandle

analyzerknob

arm

stageclip

rotatingstage

rotatingscalering

forpolarizer

compensationlens

slidingplate

yepiecesleeve

iodytube

>crtrandlensswingout

nob

nalyzerslidingplate

enteringscrew

bjectivelensholder

objectivelens

rotatingscale

vernierscale

condenserclamp

screw

iris-diaphragmlever

filter holder

mirror

base

BODYPARTS

Armandbase

Sincethearmattachedtothebaseisinclinabletoanyangleupto90°,observationscanbe

madeincomfort.Focusingisdonebymovingthetubeupordownbymeansofthecoarse

andfine adjustmenthandles.

Mirror

Themirrorattachedtothelowerpartofthearmcanbemovedfreelyinanydirection,

besoadjustedthatitdirectsthelightintothecondenser.Itshould

Condenser

Thelowerlenscanbeslidoutoftheopticalpath,eithertotherightortotheleft.Whenit

isintheopticalpath,thenumericalapertureis0.25,suitedfortheorthoscopicobservationand

whenitisoutofit,thenumericalapertureis1.2,suitedforconoscopicobservation.

Thepolarizercanberotatedthrough90°bymeansofa lever;therotatingscaleisdivided

into5°calibration.Whenthepolarizerisclickedintopositionat0°,itsoscillationislongitudinal.

Theirisdiaphragmcanbeadjustedbymeansofa lever.

NOTE;Whenattachingthecondensertothebody,theregistrationpinofthecondensermust

first befitted intothesleevegroove.Thecondenseristhenpushedupasfaraspossibleand

clampedtothebody.Otherwise,theoscillationofthecondenserwillbeerratic.Thecondenser

sleeveissodesignedthatdarkfield condensersandphasecontrastcondensersproducedbyother

makerscanbeattachedtothePOS.

rotatingscaleringlorpolarizer

lowerlens

polarizerrotatinglever

iiisdiaphragmlever

filter holder

Rotatablestage

Withanouterdiameterof142mm,thestagerotatessmoothlythrough360°ona tapershank.

Furthermore,itcanbeclampedatanyposition.Theverniercalibrationis6'.Fourholesarepro-

videdforfitting thestageclips.Forthestageroundclipstwoholesaredeviced,andforthe

crossmovementmechanicalstagethreeholesarefoundonthesurfaceofthestage.

holesforfitting crossmovementstageclipholesforfitting stageroundclip

mechanicalstage

holesforfitting stage

clips

vernierscale

stagerotatingscale

stagerotationclamp

Objectives

Strain-freeobjectivesarcscrewedfirmlyintoholders.

Magnificationofobjectives

Numericalaperture

Workingdistance(mm)

0.10

19.97

lOx

0.25

5.13

40x

0.65

0.37

ThelOxand40xobjectiveshavecenteringscrews.Thesescrewscentertheobjectivesatthe

rotationalcenterofthestage.Thecenteringscrewsareinsertedfromtherightsideofthetube.

Theyarethenturned90°totheleft.

holdercenteringscrewcenteringhandle

PS4xPSlOxPS40x

TestPlates

Thetestplatescomprisea 1/4wavelengthplate(mica

147mpi)

andtintplate(gypsum530m//).

Theseplates,whichareusedforcheckingthedoublerefractionanddistortionofthespecimenand

axialcharacteristics,areinsertedina slitontherightsideofthetube.

tintplate1/4wavelengthplate

Analyzer

Theanalyzercanbeslidoutoftheopticalpath,eithertotherightortotheleft.Moreover,it

rotatesthrough90°(1div.= 5°)bymeansofa rotatinglever.At0°,theoscillationislatitudinal.

Inotherwords,at0°thepolarizerandanalyzerarecrossedNicols.

BertrandLens

TheBertrandlenscanbeslidinandoutoftheopticalpathbymeansofthe90°rotatable

handleattachedtothemiddlepartofthetube.Whenthelensisintheopticalpath,themarkonthe

handlepointsupward.Inthiscase,theinterferenceimage,orconoscopicimage,formedon

therearfocalplaneoftheobjectivelenscanbeobservedthroughthecenteroftheeyepiecesince

thelenseshavealreadybeencentered.

RegistrationPinofEyepieceTube

Two insertiongroovesfortheregistrationpinarecutontheedgeoftheeyepiecetube,which

measures23.2mmininnerdiameter.Whentheregistrationpinisinsertedintotheright-hand

groove(A),theeyepiececross-lineagreeswiththeoscillationplaneofthepolarizerandanalyzer

whentheyarepositionedat0°;andwhenitisinsertedintotheothergroove(B),thecross-line

agreeswiththediagonalposition.

(B)(A)insertiongroovesfor

registrationpin

eyepiecetube

Eyepieces

TheflatlOxeyepieceisadjustedbymeansofa registrationpinsothatthecross-lineagreeswith

thedirectionofoscillation.VisibilityadjustmentsofthelOxeyepiecearemadebymeansofhelical

movements.

Eyepiecemagnification

,nwithcross-lineandhelical

xmovementring

7xwith0:1mmscale

Numberoffieldofview

lOx7x

CAUTION

Generallyspeaking,thePOSshouldnotbeusedwherethetemperatureishigherthan50°c.

Suddenchangesintemperatureorhumidityproducemoistureonthelensesandotherparts

ofthemicroscope.Thisnotonlyobscuresvisionbutalsocausescorrosion.

ThePOSmustbecarriedaboutwithcaresincetheslightestshockcanimpairthefineadjust-

mentsystem.

ThePOSshouldbekeptfreeofdustsincedust,togetherwithmoisture,cancausemolding.

Dustontheopticalsystem,especiallythepolarizerandanalyzer,causesdoublerefraction,

whichinturndimscontrast.ThePOS,therefore,shouldbecoveredwiththevinyldust

coverimmediatelyafteruse.Ifitisnotusedforsometime,itshouldbekeptinthecase.

Hightemperatureadverselyaffectsthepolarizedplateofthepolarizerandanalyzer.

Therefore,itshouldnotbeexposedovera longperiodtostrongsunlightorillumination

(morethan60°c).

SincethePOSisa precisioninstrument,itshouldnotbetakenapartwithoutadequatereason.

OBSERVATIONMETHODS

Standard

Inprinciple,

the

polarizer,analyzer,testplate,

and

Bertram!lensshould

slid

outofthe

optical

pathsincethey

arenot

required

for

ordinarymicroscopicexaminations.

mostcases,however,

thepolarizer

left

inthe

opticalpath.

II.

OrthoscopicExamination

Strictlyspeaking,

orthoscopic examinations,onlylightparallel

tothe

opticalaxis

ofthe

micro-

scopeenters

the

field

view.

otherwords,only

the

parallelopticalcharacteristics

ofthe

specimen

canbe

examinedthroughorthoscopy.Since,however,parallellight

not

onlylacks

brightness

but

alsoweakens

the

resolvingpower

ofthe

lenses,weakaperturelighting

almost

alwaysused

sliding

the

lowercondenserlensinto

the

opticalpath.

For

idealresults,weak

apertureobjectives

asthe4xandlOx

typeshould

used.

thiscase,betterresults

canbe

obtained

adjusting

the

condenseriris

tothe

aperture

ofthe

objectives.

The

centeringscrew

can

used

rotate

the

specimen

that

willcome

linewith

the

center

ofthe

viewfield.

When

the

polarizer

and

analyser

are

clickedintoposition

at0°,the

oscillationdirection

each

coincideswith

the

cross-line

ofthe

eyepiece—lengthwise

forthe

polarizer

and

vvidthwise

for

theanalyzer.Thiscondition

calledcrossedNicols.

When

the

analyzer

left

out,the

condition

calledsingleNicol

orone

Nicol.

usingboth

methods,

the

followingcharacteristics

canbe

examined:shape,size,

and

structure

ofthe

specimen,

refraction,doublerefraction,interferencecolor,extinctionangle,opticalazimuth

and

opticalpoly-

chromism.

III.

ConoscopicExamination

Inconoscopicexaminations,opticalphenomena

are

studied

throwinglightfrom

all

directions

—with

the

exception

parallellight—on

the

specimen.

Inotherwords,

the

specimenmust

illuminatedwithcircularbeams.Therefore,

the

numerical

aperture

increased

sliding

the

lowercondenserlens

outofthe

opticalpath;furthermore,

largeaperture

40x

objective

used.

inserting

Bertrandlensafterfocusing

onthe

specimen,

aninterferenceimage,

conoscopicimage,

canbe

observed

onthe

realfocalplane

ofthe

objective

lens.

Ifa

scaledeyepiece

used,

the

deflection

ofthe

interferencefringe

canbe

measured.

The

interferenceimage

can

also

observeddirectlythrough

the

tubewithout

theaidofthe

Bertrand

lens

andthe

objectivelens.

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