Sparkfun SEN-12642 Documento tecnico

Sound Detector Hookup Guide

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Introduction

The Sound Detector is a small board that combines a microphone and some processing circuitry. It provides not

only an audio output, but also a binary indication of the presence of sound, and an analog representation of it’s

amplitude.

SparkFun Sound Detector

 SEN-12642

Covered in This Tutorial

This tutorial will guide you through hooking up and using the Sound Detector. It will examine how the circuit works,

explain some details about getting the best performance from the Sound Detector, then present two different

projects that demonstrate how to use it.

Suggested Reading

How to Use a Breadboard

Analog vs. Digital

The Wikipedia article on sound.

Quick Start

To get started with the Sound Detector, simply connect it to a power supply.

(Sound Detector → Power Supply )

GND → Supply Ground.

VCC → Power supply voltage between 3.5 and 5.5 Volts. 5 Volts is ideal.

In a quiet room, power the board up, and then speak into the microphone. You should see the red LED on the

board blink in response to your voice.

SparkFun Sound Detector (with Headers)

 SEN-14262

With it’s 3 outputs, the board itself is a lot more flexible. To explore that flexibility, read on.

Looking Closer

Three Outputs?

The Sound Detector has 3 separate outputs. It’s easiest to see what each is doing with a graph. The following

illustrates how the sound detector responds to a series of sound pulses.

Sample Sound Detector Output

This shows the output voltages over time.

The dark green trace is the audio output of the sound detector. The audio voltage directly from the

microphone is found at this output.

The light green trace is the envelope output. This analog voltage traces the amplitude of the sound. Of

particular interest, notice that the third pulse gets noticeably louder as it goes.

Finally, the red line is the gate output. This output is low when conditions are quiet and goes high when

sound is detected.

How It Works

Having examined the outputs, lets also take a quick walk through the schematic, to gain an understanding of how

each stage works.

First Stage

The first section of the circuit is an electret microphone capsule. This portion of the circuit borrows from the

Electret Microphone breakout board.

Microphone and Preamplifier

The capsule is biased by the supply voltage through R1, and it outputs an AC voltage that is riding a DC offset of

approximately ½ the supply voltage.

The output from the capsule is an extremely small voltage, so the signal from the capsule is amplified by IC1G1,

an operational amplifier stage. By default, the preamplifier has an arithmetic gain of 100 (20 dB), and the gain can

be adjusted by populating R17 (which we’ll examine in detail on the next page).

The audio output is DC coupled, riding one half the supply voltage, so it can be directly connected to the ADC of

a microcontroller. In perfectly quiet conditions, it will ideally read ½ full scale, or 512 on a 10-bit converter.

Second Stage

The second stage of the circuit is an envelope follower.

Envelope Follower

IC1G3 forms an opamp-based precision rectifier. This stage implements the equation

if(Vin > 0)

Vout = 0;

else

Vout = Vin * -2.2

The opamp inverts and amplifies the signal. When it’s output swings high, D2 turns on, and charges C1. When the

opamp output is high or not swinging, D2 is turned off, and C1 discharges through R9. Thus, C1 tracks the peaks

of the input signal.

IC1G4 is a buffer amplifier, so external loads on the envelope pin won’t change the C1’s charge/discharge

behavior.

This results in a signal that tracks the peak amplitude of the input signal. A louder sound will result in a higher

voltage on the Envelope pin. As with the audio pin, the envelope can be connected to the ADC of a

microcontroller.

Third Stage

The final stage implements a thresholded switch on the envelope signal.

Schmitt Trigger

The Schmitt trigger watches the envelope signal, and toggles the output when the threshold is exceeded. A

Schmitt trigger is a comparator that adjusts it’s threshold voltage when the output switches, requiring a higher

voltage to switch on than to switch off. This allows it to ignore some ripple in the input signal, like the ripple present

in the output of the envelope follower stage.

The output of the Schmitt trigger is found on the Gate pin. You can connect it to a digital input. We’ll use it to

trigger interrupts in the software example.

Outputs

Each of the three output signals is present on the .1" header at the edge of the board. They are active

simultaneously. If you aren’t using one in your particular application, simply leave that pin disconnected.

Configuration

Care and Feeding Of The Capsule

The heart of the Sound Detector is the electret microphone capsule – without it, we couldn’t convert acoustic

energy into electrical energy. These capsules have a couple of quirks that we need to understand in order to apply

them successfully.

Inside the capsule is the diaphragm, which is actually one plate of a small capacitor. That capacitor forms a

voltage divider with the external bias resistor. The diaphragm moves in response to sound, and the capacitance

changes as the plates get closer together or farther apart, causing the divider to change. Since capacitors are

sensitive to loading, it’s internally buffered with a JFET (junction field-effect transistor).

Due to the mechanical and electronic tolerances involved, some capsules are more sensitive than others. Also, the

JFET is rather sensitive to noise on the power supply. Both of these factors need to be accounted for when

deploying the Sound Detector.

Power Supply

The Sound Detector is an analog circuit, and as such, it’s more sensitive to noise on the power supply than most

digital circuits. Since the capsule is effectively a voltage divider sitting across the power rails, it will transcribe any

noise on the supply lines onto the capsule output. The next circuit in the chain is a high-gain amplifier, so any

noise on the supply will then be amplified. Therefore, the Sound Detector may require more careful power supply

configuration than many circuits.

In testing with various supplies, a significant degree of variability was discovered - some supplies are less noisy

than others. One exhibited as much as 30 mV ripple on the supply output, an as a result, the the Sound Detector

was rather sensitive and unstable. You can check how clean a power supply is by checking it with an oscilloscope

or volt meter, set to the AC Volts (or, if provided, the AC millivolts) range. A truly clean supply will show 0.000 VAC.

Based on the supplies used in testing, ripple of more than about 10 mV is problematic.

Powering my Arduino with a 9V external supply, which allows the onboard regulators to function, the Arduino’s 5V

output was sufficiently clean. However, powering it from the 5V available on the USB port on a PC, the regulators

are bypassed, and the results were somewhat less usable, and vary greatly between different ports on different

PCs. A powered USB hub will probably provide cleaner power than the ports on the PC itself.

If all else fails, three 1.5V batteries in series make a nice, clean source of 4.5V.

Amplitude Calibration

The Sound Detector comes set for moderate sensitivity - speaking directly into the microphone, or clapping your

hands nearby should cause the gate output to fire. If you find that it doesn’t work well in a specific application, you

can change the circuit to be more or less sensitive.

The gain is set by changing the feedback resistors in the preamp stage. The resistors are marked in the silkscreen

on the PCB.

Resistor Closeup

R3 is a surface mount part, with 100K Ohm populated by default. R17 is an unpopulated position for a through

hole resistor.

Lowering The gain

It’s most likely that you’ll find the detector to be too sensitive. In testing the board for this writeup, noisy air

conditioning and music in the next office were enough to set it off. To make the board less sensitive, you can lower

the preamplifier gain by populating R17 in parallel with R3.

R3 Value R17 Value Arithmetic Gain Gain (dB)

100K - 100 40

100K 100K 50 33

100K 47K 32 30

100K 22K 18 25

100K 10K 9 19

100K 4.7K 4 13

100K 2.2K 2 6

Raising The Gain

If you want to make the sound detector more sensitive, so that it will be activated by quieter sounds, you can

remove R3, and populate R17.

R17 Value Arithmetic Gain Gain (dB)

100K 100 40

220K 220 46

470K 470 53

1Meg 1000 60

Lights Out

In some applications, the onboard LED may be distracting or undesirable. To disable it, simply use a solder sucker

or wick to remove the solder blob from the jumper near the LED.

Physical Considerations

The electret capsule on the Sound Detector is also sensitive to mechanical vibration and wind noise.

The Sound Detector will pick up handling noise. Mounting it with a resilient material can help absorb vibration –

placing it on a piece of open-cell foam helped reject vibration conducted through the testing workbench. Other

resilient mounting strategies would include suspending it using rubber bands, or building shock absorbers using #4

machine screws and heat-shrink tubing.

Wind noise is caused when blasts of air enter the capsule. Examples would be a windy day, or the sharp

exhalation that often accompanies syllables such “p,” “b” and “t.” The capsule come with a thin fabric covering, but

it may not be enough to prevent stronger blasts. You can craft a more robust windscreen with open-cell foam or

Sound Detector Arduino Example SparkFun Wish List

synthetic fur (like the covering that sneaks into the frame when a boom mic accidentally enters a film scene).

Software Example

Now that we understand how to configure the board, let’s hook it to an Arduino and see what it can do.

Materials

In addition to the Sound Detector, you’ll need the following parts.

RedBoard - Programmed with Arduino

DEV-11575

At SparkFun we use many Arduinos and we're always looking for the simplest, most stable one. Each board is a bit…

Break Away Male Headers - Right Angle

PRT-00553

A row of right angle male headers - break to fit. 40 pins that can be cut to any size. Used with custom PCBs or gen…

Jumper Wires Premium 12" M/F Pack of 10

PRT-09385

This is a SparkFun exclusive! These are 12" long jumper wires terminated as male to female. Use these to jumper f…

Connections

We snapped a 5-pin section off the header, and soldered it to the Sound Detector. Then we took the jumper wires

and made the following connections.

(Sound Detector → Arduino )

GND → Supply Ground

VCC → Power supply voltage between 3.5 and 5.5 Volts

Gate → Pin 2

Envelope → A0

Additionally, as described on the calibration page, a 33K Ohm resistor was soldered into position R17. R3 was left

in place, so the gain was lowered from 40 dB to about 28 dB.

/******************************************************************************

* sound_detector_demo.ino

* Sound detector sample sketch

* Byron Jacquot @ SparkFun Electronics

* February 19, 2014

* https://github.com/sparkfun/Sound_Detector

* This sketch demonstrates the use of the Sparkfun Sound Detector board.

* The Sound Detector is a small board that combines a microphone and some

* processing circuitry. It provides not only an audio output, but also a

* binary indication of the presence of sound and an analog representation

* of it's amplitude.

* This sketch demonstrates two different modes of usage for the Sound

* Detector. The gate output (a binary indication that is high when sound

* is present, and low when conditions are quiet) is used to fire a pin-change

* ISR, which lights an LED when the sound is present. The envelope output

* (an analog voltage to rises to indicate the amplitude of the sound) is

* sampled in the loop(), and it prints an indication of the level to the

* serial terminal.

* For more details about the Sound Detector, please check the hookup guide.

* Connections:

* The Sound Detector is connected to the Adrduino as follows:

* (Sound Detector -> Arduino pin)

* GND → GND

* VCC → 5V

* Gate → Pin 2

* Envelope → A0

* Resources:

* Additional library requirements: none

* Development environment specifics:

* Using Arduino IDe 1.0.5

* Tested on Redboard, 3.3v/8MHz and 5v/16MHz ProMini hardware.

* This code is beerware; if you see me (or any other SparkFun employee) at the

* local, and you've found our code helpful, please buy us a round!

* Distributed as-is; no warranty is given.

******************************************************************************/

// Define hardware connections

#define PIN_GATE_IN 2

#define IRQ_GATE_IN 0

#define PIN_LED_OUT 13

#define PIN_ANALOG_IN A0

// soundISR()

// This function is installed as an interrupt service routine for the pin

// change interrupt. When digital input 2 changes state, this routine

g p g p g ,

// is called.

// It queries the state of that pin, and sets the onboard LED to reflect that

// pin's state.

void soundISR()

{

int pin_val;

pin_val = digitalRead(PIN_GATE_IN);

digitalWrite(PIN_LED_OUT, pin_val);

}

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(9600);

// Configure LED pin as output

pinMode(PIN_LED_OUT, OUTPUT);

// configure input to interrupt

pinMode(PIN_GATE_IN, INPUT);

attachInterrupt(IRQ_GATE_IN, soundISR, CHANGE);

// Display status

Serial.println("Initialized");

}

void loop()

{

int value;

// Check the envelope input

value = analogRead(PIN_ANALOG_IN);

// Convert envelope value into a message

Serial.print("Status: ");

if(value <= 10)

{

Serial.println("Quiet.");

}

else if( (value > 10) && ( value <= 30) )

{

Serial.println("Moderate.");

}

else if(value > 30)

{

Serial.println("Loud.");

}

// pause for 1 second

delay(1000);

}

This code simultaneously demonstrates two different operating modes of the Sound Detector.

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