Texas Instruments TI-80 Manuale

$TITLEPG.DOC TI-80, ENG, 135x205mm Bob Fedorisko Revised: 02/15/01 10:36 AM Printed: 02/15/01 10:38

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TI-80

GRAPHING CALCULATOR

GUIDEBOOK

TI-GRAPH LINK, Calculator-Based Laboratory, CBL, CBL 2, Calculator-Based Ranger, CBR,

Constant Memory, Automatic Power Down, APD, and EOS are trademarks of Texas

Instruments Incorporated.

Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Macintosh is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

$TITLEPG.DOC TI-80, ENG, 135x205mm Bob Fedorisko Revised: 02/15/01 10:36 AM Printed: 02/15/01 10:38

AM Page 2 of 2

Texas Instruments makes no warranty, either expressed or

implied, including but not limited to any implied warranties of

merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, regarding any

programs or book materials and makes such materials available

solely on an “as-is” basis.

In no event shall Texas Instruments be liable to anyone for

special, collateral, incidental, or consequential damages in

connection with or arising out of the purchase or use of these

materials, and the sole and exclusive liability of Texas

Instruments, regardless of the form of action, shall not exceed the

purchase price of this calculator. Moreover, Texas Instruments

shall not be liable for any claim of any kind whatsoever against

the use of these materials by any other party.

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the

limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC

rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection

against harmful interference in a residential installation. This

equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency

energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the

instructions, may cause harmful interference with radio

communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference

will not occur in a particular installation.

If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or

television reception, which can be determined by turning the

equipment off and on, you can try to correct the interference by

one or more of the following measures:

• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.

• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.

• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different

from that to which the receiver is connected.

• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television

technician for help.

Caution: Any changes or modifications to this equipment not

expressly approved by Texas Instruments may void your authority

to operate the equipment.

Important

US FCC

Information

Concerning

Radio Frequency

Interference

Introduction iii

This manual describes how to use the TI.80 Graphing Calculator. Getting Started

gives a quick overview of its features. The first chapter gives general

instructions on operating the TI.80. Other chapters describe its interactive

features. The applications in Chapter 11 show how to use these features

together.

Using this Guidebook Effectively.................... viii

Glossary ......................................... xii

TI-80 Keyboard ................................... 2

First Steps ....................................... 3

TI-80 Menus...................................... 4

Entering a Calculation: Compound Interest ........... 5

Continuing a Calculation ........................... 6

Defining a Function: Box with Lid ................... 7

Defining a Table of Values.......................... 8

Zooming In on the Table ........................... 9

Changing the Viewing Window...................... 11

Displaying and Tracing the Graph ................... 12

Zooming In on the Graph........................... 13

Other TI-80 Features .............................. 14

Turning the TI-80 On and Off ....................... 1-2

Setting the Display Contrast ........................ 1-3

The Display ...................................... 1-4

Entering Expressions and Instructions ............... 1-6

The Edit Keys .................................... 1-8

Setting Modes .................................... 1-9

TI-80 Modes...................................... 1-10

Variable Names ................................... 1-12

Storing and Recalling Variable Values................ 1-13

Last Entry........................................ 1-14

Last Answer ...................................... 1-16

TI-80 Menus...................................... 1-17

The VARS and Y-VARS Menus...................... 1-19

EOS (Equation Operating System) .................. 1-20

Error Conditions ................................. 1-22

Table of Contents

Getting Started:

Do This First!

Chapter 1:

Operating the

TI-80

iv Introduction

Getting Started: Lottery Chances .................... 2-2

Using the TI-80 Functions .......................... 2-3

Keyboard Math Operations ......................... 2-4

MATH MATH Operations ........................... 2-7

MATH NUM (Number) Operations ................... 2-10

MATH PRB (Probability) Operations................. 2-12

ANGLE Operations ................................ 2-14

TEST (Relational) Operations....................... 2-16

Getting Started: Working with Fractions ............. 3-2

Setting Modes for Fraction Results .................. 3-4

Entering and Using Fractions in Calculations ......... 3-6

The FRACTION Menu.............................. 3-8

Getting Started: Graphing a Circle ................... 4-2

Defining a Graph.................................. 4-3

Setting Graph Modes .............................. 4-4

Defining Functions in the Y= List.................... 4-5

Evaluating Y= Functions in Expressions ............. 4-7

Selecting Functions ............................... 4-8

Defining the Viewing Window ...................... 4-9

Displaying a Graph ................................ 4-11

Exploring a Graph with the Free-Moving Cursor ...... 4-12

Exploring a Graph with TRACE ..................... 4-13

Exploring a Graph with ZOOM...................... 4-15

Setting the Zoom Factors .......................... 4-18

Getting Started: Path of a Ball ...................... 5-2

Defining and Displaying a Parametric Graph .......... 5-3

Exploring a Parametric Graph ...................... 5-6

Chapter 2:

Math, Angle, and

Test Operations

Chapter 3:

Fractions

Chapter 4:

Function

Graphing

Chapter 5:

Parametric

Graphing

Introduction v

Getting Started: Roots of a Function ................. 6-2

Defining the Independent Variable .................. 6-3

Defining the Dependent Variable .................... 6-4

Displaying the Table............................... 6-5

Getting Started: Shading a Graph.................... 7-2

DRAW DRAW Menu ............................... 7-3

Drawing Lines .................................... 7-4

Drawing Horizontal and Vertical Lines ............... 7-5

Drawing a Function ............................... 7-6

Shading Areas on a Graph .......................... 7-7

Drawing Points ................................... 7-10

Clearing a Drawing ................................ 7-12

Getting Started: Generating a Sequence .............. 8-2

About Lists....................................... 8-3

LIST OPS Operations .............................. 8-6

LIST MATH Operations ............................ 8-9

Getting Started: Building Height and City Size......... 9-2

Setting Up a Statistical Analysis..................... 9-8

The STAT List Editor .............................. 9-9

Viewing, Entering, and Editing Lists ................. 9-10

Sorting and Clearing Lists .......................... 9-13

Statistical Analysis ................................ 9-14

Types of Statistical Analysis ........................ 9-15

Statistical Variables ............................... 9-17

Statistical Plotting ................................ 9-18

Statistical Analysis in a Program .................... 9-22

Statistical Plotting in a Program..................... 9-23

Chapter 6:

Tables

Chapter 7:

Draw Operations

Chapter 8:

Lists

Chapter 9:

Statistics

vi Introduction

Getting Started: Rolling a Die ....................... 10-2

About TI-80 Programs ............................. 10-4

Creating and Executing Programs ................... 10-5

Editing Programs ................................. 10-6

PRGM CTL (Control) Instructions ................... 10-7

PRGM I/O (Input/Output) Instructions ............... 10-11

Calling Other Programs ............................ 10-14

Probability Experiments: Coins, Dice, and Spinners ... 11-2

The Unit Circle and Trigonometric Curves............ 11-3

Program: Newton’s Numerical Solve Routine ......... 11-4

Program: Numerical Integration..................... 11-6

Program: Window Variables Store and Recall ......... 11-8

Graphing the Inverse of a Function .................. 11-10

Graphing a Piecewise Function ..................... 11-12

Graphing Inequalities .............................. 11-14

Graphing a Polar Equation ......................... 11-15

Program: Guess the Coefficients .................... 11-16

Checking Available Memory ........................ 12-2

Deleting Items from Memory ....................... 12-3

Resetting the TI-80 ................................ 12-4

Chapter 10:

Programming

Chapter 11:

Applications

Chapter 12:

Memory

Management

Introduction vii

Table of TI-80 Functions and Instructions ............ A-2

Menu Map........................................ A-20

TI-80 Variables ................................... A-26

Battery Information ............................... B-2

Accuracy Information ............................. B-8

In Case of Difficulty ............................... B-10

Service and Support Information ................... B-14

Warranty Information.............................. B-15

Appendix A:

Tables and

Reference

Information

Appendix B:

Service and

Warranty

Information

Index

viii Introduction

The structure of the TI-80 guidebook and the design of its pages can help you

find the information you need quickly. Consistent presentation techniques are

used throughout to make the guidebook easy to use.

The guidebook is designed to teach you how to use the

calculator.

¦Getting Started is a fast-paced, keystroke-by-keystroke

introduction.

¦Chapter 1 describes general operation and lays the

foundation for Chapters 2 through 10, which describe

specific functional areas of the TI-80. Most chapters begin

with a brief Getting Started introduction.

¦Chapter 11 contains application examples that incorporate

features from different functional areas of the calculator.

These examples can help you see how different functional

areas work together to accomplish meaningful tasks.

¦Chapter 12 describes memory management.

When possible, units of information are presented on a single

page or on two facing pages. Several page-design elements

help you find information quickly.

¦Page headings—The descriptive heading at the top of the

page or two-page unit identifies the subject of the unit.

¦General text—Just below the page heading, a short

section of bold text provides general information about

the subject covered in the unit.

¦Left-column subheadings—Each subheading identifies a

specific topic or task related to the page or unit subject.

Using this Guidebook Effectively

Structure of the

Guidebook

Page-Design

Conventions

Introduction ix

¦Specific text—The text to the right of a subheading

presents detailed information about that specific topic or

task. The information may be presented as paragraphs,

numbered procedures, bulleted lists, or illustrations.

¦Page “footers”—The bottom of each page shows the

chapter name, chapter number, and page number.

Several conventions are used to present information concisely

and in an easily referenced format.

¦Numbered procedures—A procedure is a sequence of

steps that performs a task. In this guidebook, each step is

numbered in the order in which it is performed. No other

text in the guidebook is numbered; therefore, when you

see numbered text, you know you should perform the

steps sequentially.

¦Lists with bullets—If several items have equal

importance, or if you may choose one of several

alternative actions, this guidebook precedes each item

with a “bullet” (¦) to highlight it—like this list.

¦Tables and charts—Sets of related information are

presented in tables or charts for quick reference.

¦Keystroke examples—The Getting Started examples

provide keystroke-by-keystroke instructions, as do the

numerous short examples and several detailed examples

that are identified with a .

Information-

Mapping

Conventions

x Introduction

Several techniques have been used to help you look up

specific information when you need it. These include:

¦A chapter table of contents on the first page of each

chapter, as well as the full table of contents at the front of

the guidebook.

¦A glossary at the end of this section, defining important

terms used throughout the guidebook.

¦An alphabetical table of functions and instructions in

Appendix A, showing their correct formats, how to access

them, and page references for more information.

¦Information about system variables in Appendix A.

¦A table of error messages in Appendix B, showing the

messages and their meanings and giving problem-handling

information.

¦An alphabetical index at the back of the guidebook, listing

tasks and topics you may need to look up.

Reference Aids

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