Texas Instruments TMS34010 Manuale utente

~TEXAS

INSTRUMENTS

TMS34010

C Compiler

1988

Graphics Products

TMS34010

C Compiler

Reference Guide

•

TEXAS

INSTRUMENTS

IMPORTANT

NOTICE

Texas Instruments (TI) reserves the right

make changes

discontinue

any semiconductor product or service identified in this publication

without

notice.

advises its customers to obtain the latest version

the relevant

in-

formation

verify, before placing orders, that the information being relied

upon is current.

TI warrants performance

its semiconductor products

current specifica-

tions in accordance

with

TI's standard warranty. Testing and other quality

control techniques

are

utilized

the extent TI deems necessary

support this

warranty. Unless mandated by government requirements, specific testing

all parameters

each device is

not

necessarily performed.

TI assumes no liability

for

TI applications assistance, customer product design,

software performance, or infringement

patents or services described herein.

Nor does TI warrant or represent that license, either express or implied,

granted under any patent right, copyright, mask

work

right, or other intellec-

tual property right

TI covering or relating to any combination, machine, or

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which

such semiconductor p'roducts or services

might

be or

are

used.

Contents

Section

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

3.1

3.1.1

3.1.2

3.1.3

3.2

3.2.1

3.2.2

3.3

3.3.1

3.3.2

3.3.3

3.3.4

3.4

3.5

3.5.1

3.5.2

3.5.3

3.5.4

3.6

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

Introduction

Software Development Tools Overview

Related Documentation

Style and Symbol Conventions

Getting Started

Compiler

Installation

Installing the C Compiler on

IBM/TI

PCs

with

PC/MS-DOS

Installing the C Compiler on

VAX/VMS

.......

Installing the C Compiler on UNIX Systems

.....

Installing the C Compiler on

Macintosh/MPW

Systems

Compiler

Operation

Preprocessor (gspcpp) Description

Invoking the C Preprocessor

General Information

.....

Specifying Alternate Directories for Include Files

Parser (gspcc) Description

Invoking the Parser

......

General Information

......

Code Generator (gspcg) Description

Invoking the Code Generator

Pointers

Named Variables (-a Option)

Small Code Model

(-s

Option)

.....

Checking for Stack Overflow

(-x

option)

Compiling and Assembling a Program

Linking a C Program

...........

Runtime Initialization and Runtime Support

Sample Linker Command File

.....

Autoinitialization

(ROM

and RAM Models)

The -c and

-cr

Linker Options

Archiving a C Program . . . . . . . .

The

TMS34010

Language

Identifiers, Keywords, and Constants

TMS34010

C Data Types

Object Alignment

Conversions

Expressions

Declarations

Initialization

Static and Global Variables

asm

Statement

Lexical Scope Rules

Page

1-1

1-2

1-4

1-5

1-6

2-1

2-2

2-3

2-4

2-5

3-1

3-2

3-3

3-4

3-6

3-7

3-8

3-9

3-10

3-11

3-13

3-14

3-15

3-16

4-1

4-2

4-4

4-6

4-7

4-8

4-10

4-11

iii

5.1

5.1.1

5.1.2

5.1.3

5.1.4

5.1.5

5.1.6

5.1.7

5.2

5.2.1

5.2.2

5.2.3

5.3

5.3.1

5.3.2

5.3.3

5.3.4

5.3.5

5.4

5.4.1

5.4.2

5.4.3

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.7.1

5.7.2

5.7.3

5.7.4

5.7.5

5.8

5.8.1

5.8.2

Runtime

Environment

Memory Model

....

Sections

......

Stack Management .

Dynamic Memory Allocation

RAM and ROM Models . . .

....

Allocating Memory for Static and Global Variables

Packing Structures and Manipulating Fields

Array Alignment . .

...........

Dedicated Registers

..........

Using Registers

............

...........

Function Structure and Calling Conventions

Responsibilities

a Calling Function .

Responsibilities

a Called Function

Setting up the Local

Frame

......

Accessing Arguments and Local Variables

Returning Structures from Functions

Interfacing C

with

Assembly Language

Assembly Language Modules

Inline Assembly Language

Modifying Compiler Output

Interrupt Handling

Integer Expression Analysis .

Floating-Point Support

....

Floating-Point Formats

Double':'Precision Functions

Single-Precision Functions

Conversion Functions

Floating-Point Errors

System Initialization

Initializing the Stack

.......

Autoinitialization

Variables and Constants

Runtime-Support

Functions

6.1

Header Files

.................

6.1.1 Diagnostic Messages (assert.h)

....

6.1.2 Character Typing and Conversion (ctype.h)

6.1.3 Limits (float.h and limits.h)

.....

6.1.4 Floating-Point Math (math.h, errno.h)

6.1.5 Nonlocal Jumps (setjmp.h)

6.1.6 Variable Arguments (stdarg.h)

6.1.7 Standard Definitions (stddef.h)

6.1.8 General Utilities (stdlib.h)

6.1.9 String Functions (string.h)

6.1.10 Time Functions (time.h) .

........

6.2 Summary

Runtime-Support Functions and Macros

6.3 Functions Reference

................

Error

Messages

Preprocessor

Directives

5-1

5-2

5-3

5-4

5-5

5-6

5-7

5-8

5-9

5-10

5-11

5-12

5-15

5-16

5-17

5-19

5-20

5-21

5-22

5-23

6-1

6-2

6-3

6-5

6-6

6-7

6-8

6-9

6-14

A-1

B-1

Illustrations

Figure Page

1-1

TMS34010

Software Development Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-2

3-1 Compiling a C Program

........................................

3-1

3-2

Input and Output Files for the C Preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-2

3-3

Input and Output Files for the C Parser

.........................

3-6

3-4

Input and Output Files for the C Code Generator

....................

3-8

3-5

An Example

a Linker Command File

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-14

5-1 The Program and System Stacks

.................................

5-3

5-2

An Example

a Function Call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-8

5-3

Single-Precision Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-18

5-4

Double-Precision Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-18

5-5

Format

Initialization Records

the .cinit Section

..................

5-24

5-6

ROM Model

Autoinitialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-25

7 RAM Model

Autoinitialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-26

Table

6-1

6-2

Tables

Macros that Supply Integer Type Range Limits (Iimits.h)

Macros that Supply Floating-Point Range Limits (float.h)

Page

6-3

6-4

Preface

The TMS34010 C Compiler Reference Guide contains the

following

sections:

Section

Introduction

Overviews the

TMS34010

development tools and the code development

process, lists related documentation, describes style and symbol conventions

used in this document, and provides a walkthrough.

Section

Software

Installation

Contains instructions

for

installing the C compiler on

VAX/VMS,

VAX/Ultrix,

VAX/System

IBM-PC/PC-DOS,

and

TI-PC/MS-DOS

systems.

Section

Compiler

Operation

Describes

the

three major components

the C compiler (preprocessor, parser,

and code generator), contains instructions for invoking these components

in-

dividually

for

invoking batch files

compile and assemble a C source file,

discusses linking C programs, and discusses archiving C programs.

Section

TMS34010

Language

Discusses the differences between the C language supported

the

TMS34010

C compiler and standard Kernighan and Ritchie

Section

Runtime

Environment

Contains technical information on

how

the compiler uses

the

TMS3401 0 ar-

chitecture; discusses memory and register conventions, stack organization,

function-call

conventions, and system initialization; provides information

needed

for

interfacing assembly language

C programs.

Section

Runtime-Support

Functions

Describes the header files that

are

included

with

the C compiler,

well

the

macros, functions, and types that they declare, summarizes the runtime-

support

functions

according

category (header), and provides

alphabet-

ical reference

the runtime-support functions.

Appendix

Error

Messages

Shows

the

format

compiler error messages and lists all

the

error messages

that

are fatal.

Appendix

Preprocessor

Directives

Describes the standard preprocessor directives that the compiler supports.

Section

Introduction

The

TMS34010

Graphics System Processor is

advanced

32-bit

micro-

processor optimized for graphics systems. The TMS3401 0 is a member

the

TMS340

family

computer graphics products from Texas Instruments.

The TMS3401 0 is well supported

a full set

hardware and software

de-

velopment tools, including a C compiler, a full-speed emulator, a software

simulator, and

IBM/TI-PC

development board. (Section

1.1

describes

these tools.)

This reference guide describes the

TMS34010

C compiler. Its main purpose

present the details and characteristics

this particular C compiler;

as-

sumes that you already

know

how

write C programs. We suggest

that

you

obtain a copy

The

C Programming Language,

Brian W. Kernighan and

Dennis M. Ritchie (published by Prentice-Hall); use this reference guide

supplement

the Kernighan and Ritchie book.

The TMS3401 0 C compiler can be installed on the

following

systems:

•

pes:

IBM-PC

with

PC-DOS

TI-PC

with

MS-DOS

•

VAX:

VMS

Ultrix

•

Apollo

Workstations:

Domain/IX

AEGIS

•

Sun-3

Workstations

with

Unix

•

Macintosh

with

MPW

Topics in this introductory section include:

Section

Page

1.1

Software Development Tools Overview .................................................

1-2

1.2 Related Documentation ............................................................................ 1

-4

1.3 Style and Symbol Conventions ................................................................

1-5

1.4 Getting Started ........................................................................................... 1

-6

1-1

Introduction

Software

Development

Tools

Overview

1.1

Software

Development

Tools

Overview

1-2

Object

Libraries

Figure 1-1 illustrates the TMS34010 software development

flow.

The center

portion

the figure highlights the most common path

software develop-

ment; the other portions

are

optional.

................

.. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. ..

................

.. ..

Figure

1-1.

TMS34010

Software

Development

Flow

Introduction

Software

Development

Tools

Overview

The

following

list describes the tools

that

are

shown

in Figure 1-1.

• The C

compiler

accepts C source code and produces

TMS34010

as-

sembly language source code. The C compiler has three parts: a pre-

processor, a parser, and a code generator. Section 3 describes compiler

invocation and operation.

• The

assembler

translates assembly language source files into machine

language object files.

• The

archiver

allows you

collect a

group

files

into

a single archive

file.

(An

archive file is called a library.)

also allows you to

modify

library

deleting, replacing, extracting, or adding members. One

the

most useful applications

the archiver is

build a library

object

modules.

Two

object libraries and a source library are included

with

the

C compiler:

flib.lib

contains

floating-point

arithmetic routines.

rts.lib

contains standard runtime-support functions.

rts.src

contains the source

for

the functions in

rts

.lib.

Several application-specific object libraries

are

available

separate GSP

products:

The

math/graphics

function

library

contains math

functions

for performing algebraic, trigonometric, and transcendental oper-

ations

well

graphics functions

for

performing

viewport

man-

agement, bit-mapped text, graphics output, color-palette control,

three-dimensional transformations, and graphics initialization.

The

font

library

contains a variety

proportionally spaced and

monospaced fonts. You can use the functions in the graphics

li-

brary

display the fonts.

The

CCITT

data

compression

function

library

contains

CCITT-compatible routines for compressing and decompressing

monochrome image data.

The

8514

adaptor

emulation

function

library

contains

rou-

tines

for

use

with

the

IBM

PS/2

high-resolution display. '

These

functions

and routines can be called from C programs. You can

also create

your

own

object libraries. To use

object library, you must

specify the library name

linker input; the linker

will

include the library

members

that

define any functions called from a C program.

• The

linker

combines object files into a single executable object module.

As the linker creates the executable module,

performs relocation and

resolves external references. The linker accepts relocatable COFF object

files and object libraries

input.

• The main purpose

this development process

produce a module

that

can be executed in a

TMS3401

target

system.

You

can

use one

several

debugging

tools

refine and correct

your

code. Available

products include: a software

simulator

that runs on PCs, a PC-based

software

development

board

(SOB),

and a realtime

in-circuit

XDS/22

emulator.

•

object

format

converter

also available;

converts a COFF

ob-

ject

file

into

Intel, Tektronix, or TI-tagged

object-format

file that can

downloaded

EPROM programmer.

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