UNIVAC 490 Istruzioni operative e di manutenzione

o

GENERAL

DESCRIPTION.

.

f:he

UNIVAC

®

490

Real-Time

Sysf:em

•

GENERAL

DESCRIPTION

UNIVAC

490

Real-Time

Sys-tem

©

1961

•

SPERRY

RAND

CORPORATION

Contents

1.

UNIVAC

490

REAL-TIME

SYSTEM

The Real-Time

Concept.

............

...........................................

. 1

General Characteristics of

the

Real-Time

System....................

.

......

...

..

2

High-Speed Communications

Linkage...........................................

2

Data Storage

Facilities.

. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 2

Features

and

Applications

......................................................

2

Processing

Interrupt.....

..........

..

.......

.

..

...

......

..

.

....

..

. .

..

2

Solid-State Design

...........................................................

3

Computer-to-Computer

Configurations.......................................

3

High-Speed Random Access

Storage....................

...

...............

...

3

A "Time Conscious" System

.................................................

3

Incremental

Clock......................................................

.....

3

Incremental Interrupt

Clock...........................

............

......

.....

3

Day

Clock...................................................................

3

High

Internal Computing

Speeds...........................................

..

4

Equipment

Enclosure.....................................................

...

4

Flexible Input-Output

Facilities..........................................

.....

4

Automatic Programming

.....................................................

4

Floating-Point Arithmetic

....................................................

4

Programming

Checks.........................

............................

...

4

Special Programming

Features..............................................

....

5

Powerful Instruction

Repertoire..............................................

5

Absolute Efficiency

..........................................................

5

Library of Programmed

Routines.............................................

5

Core Storage Search

.........................................................

5

Wired

Memory.

. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 5

Application Versatility

.......................................................

6

2.

REAL-TIME

COMPUTER

Storage Section

.................................................................

7

Octal

Notation.

. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 7

Control Section

.................................................................

8

Arithmetic

Section.....

..................................

.......................

8

Arithmetic Registers (Operational Registers)

.................................

9

Transient Registers

..........................................................

10

Operator Console

...............................................................

11

Computer Control Panel

.....................................................

11

Console Keyboard and Printer

...............................................

11

Wired

Memory.

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .

..

11

3.

SYSTEM

COMPONENTS

AND

CONFiGURATiONS

Central Site

Equipment

...................................................•.....

12

Peripheral

Units.............................................................

12

Peripheral Systems

..........................•.•.............................

12

Magnetic

Drum

Storage

.......................................•.....•........

14

Magnetic

Tape Storage

...•..............••..................................

15

High-Speed Card

Reader...

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .

•.

. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .

..

16

Punch-Verifier

Unit

......•.........•..........................•..............

16

High-Speed

Printer

............•.............................................

17

Transmission

and

Communications

.....................................•.......

18

Input-Output

Channels

...............................•.....•.................

18

Data Transfers

............................•...................•.............

18

Buffer

Mode.

. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . •. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

..

18

I

nput-Output

Control

..........................••............................

18

External

Equipment

Requirements

...........................................

19

Remote

Input-Output

Devices

..........................................•........

19

Keyboard

Printer

..........•...............•.................................

19

Uniset

Console

......•...........••.................•........................

20

The

Uniset

.................................................................•

21

Format

Control Panel

..........•...

'. . . .. . . . . . . .•. . .. . . . .. . . . . . •. . .. . . . . . . . .

..

21

Communications

Equipment

......................•.............................

21

Communications

Systems

......................................................

23

Party Line Network

.............................................................

, 23

Scanner -Selector

..................•...............•.........•..............

23

Party Line

Communications

System

.............................................

23

Transfer

Function

...............................................•...•.......

24

Line Switching

Network

(Direct

Distance Dialing)

..............................•.

24

Communications

Control

Unit

(Telegraphic Half-Duplex)

........................

24

Communications

Equipment

for

Special Devices

.................................

26

4.

INSTRUCTIONS

Instruction

Word

...............................................................

27

Instruction

Cycle

...................................................•...........

27

Instruction

Repertoire..........................................................

28

Shift

Instructions

............

,

............

"

....................

'"

.............

28

Simple

Read

Instructions

.......................................................

29

Store

Instructions

..............................................................

29

Arithmetic

Read

Instructions

....................................................

30

Comparison

Instructions

........................................................

30

Selective

Instructions

...................................•.......................

31

Replace

Instructions

............................................................

31

Jump

Instructions

..............................................................

32

Special Program -

Modifying

Instructions

..•.............•.......................

33

just

as

feedback

is

used

by

a

computer

to

control

a

missile's

path;:

....

•

••

up-to-the-minute

data

from

a

UNIVAC

Real-Time

System

can

help

influence

the

course

of

business

curves.

1.

UNIVAC

490

Real-Time

System

The

UNIV

AC®490 Real-Time

System

is

a

large-scale,

general

purpose

digital

com-

puting

system

specifically designed

for

the

dynamic

organization

which

has

diverse

operations

demanding

stricter

control

based on

real-time

computing.

This

new

system

extends

valuable techniques

of

real-

tinle processing, long

restricted

to

a linlited

number

of

special

military

applications

such

as

missile guidance, to

the

broader

field

of

commercial problems.

Remington

Rand's

installation

of

UNIVAC

Airlines

Reservation

Systems

at

several

major

airlines

demonstrated

the

power

of

real-time

processing. A

centrally

located

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formation

in

a

fraction

of

a second

to

ticket

offices

scattered

throughout

the

country.

The

well-documented success

of

the

Airline

Reservations

System

proved

the

potential

of

real-time

processing

and

served

as

the

incentive

for

its

full development.

Now,

with

the

Real-Time System,

the

full

commercial

potential

of

real-time

process-

ing

can

become

an

integral

part

of

your

business,

bringing

with

it

an

efficiency

and

control only

approximated

by

other

devices.

In

fact,

just

as

feedback

is

used

by

a com-

puter

to

control

a missile's

path

and

coun-

teract

disrupting

forces, up-to-the-minute

data

from

a

real-time

system

can

help

an

organization

influence

the

course

of

a

number

of

its

business

curves

as

they

are

formed.

THE

REAL-TIME

CONCEPT

The

real-time

concept is

the

fulfillment

of

management's

desire

for

a

method

of

re-

versing

the

direction

of

a

business

curve

before

it

gains

momentum

and

attains

black-and-white

finality.

Up-to-the-minute

indications

of

business

activity

enable

the

real-time

user

to

detect

the

suggestion

of

a

downturn

and

correct

it

immediately,

in

much

the

same

way

as

a guided missile's

course is

adj

usted

as

it

hurtles

to

its

target.

If,

for

example, sales

have

dipped slightly,

the

Real-Time

Computer

will allow

man-

agement

to

discover

this

fact

immediately,

instead

of

waiting

for

quarterly

reports.

As

a result,

management's

remedial

actions

are

effectively timed.

And

it

is

the

timely

decision

which

has

the

greatest

significance

in

the

intensified competition

of

business

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organizational

activities,

it

is

necessary

to

utilize a

real-time

processing

system,

with

its

ability

to

communicate

with

many

remote

locations

and

its

large

storage

fa-

cilities,

to

reflect sales, profits, costs,

pro-

duction,

and

other

pertinent

data.

Thus,

the

real-time

concept is a

significant

advance

in

data-processing,

a field

which

heretofore

employed

batch

processing

only.

That

is,

master

data,

or

information

which

is

altered

infrequently

or

in

a

known

man-

ner,

was

updated

at

intervals,

upon

the

ac-

cumulation

of

enough

transaction

data,

or

information

characterized

by

essentially

random

and

unpredictable

incidence. Real-

time

processing, however,

eliminates

the

lag

between

the

occurrence

of

transactions

and

their

postings

to

a

master

file.

By

up-

dating

the

master

file

immediately

upon

receipt

of

a

new

transaction

from

a

remote

source,

the

Real-Time

System

can

present

a

truly

current

report

of

the

status

of

any

1

2

application-a

feat

impossible

for

the

batch-

processing computer

with

its

externally

stored

master

data.

GENERAL

CHARACTERISTICS

OF

THE

REAL-TIME

SYSTEM

The

specific design

and

function

of

the

re-

mote

input-output

units

of

the

UNIVAC

490 Real-Time System

are

dictated

by

the

nature

of

the

individual application.

In

general, however,

input

units

are

able

to

accept

transaction

data

with

speed

and

reliability while

the

output

units

display

results

with

accuracy

and

clarity.

The

com-

puting

unit

of

the

system is

general

pur-

pose,

and

therefore, ideal

for

all

types

of

applications.

High-Speed

Communications

Linkage

Common

carriers,

such

as

American

Tele-

phone

and

Telegraph,

Western

Union,

American Cable

and

Radio, afford high-

speed communicationfacilities

for

two-way

transmission

of

data

between

the

central

site

Computer

and

the

remote

input-output

units.

Transactions

originating

at

remote

points

are

conveyed along these

wires

di-

rectly to

the

Computer

where

they

are

im-

mediately evaluated

and

processed.

Then

the

result

is

returned

to

the

originator

and

other

appropriate

distant

points,

the

whole

transaction

being accomplished

in

seconds.

Data

Storage

Facilities

Since

the

UNIVAC 490 Real-Time System

applies

transaction

data

to

the

master

file

information

as

the

transaction

data

occurs,

the

system employs extensive

data-storage

facilities which

are

capable

of

storing

en-

tire

master

files

of

information.

In

addition,

these facilities

are

of

the

random

access

type

allowing immediate access

to

master

file

information.

FEATURES

AND

APPLICATIONS

In

addition to existing applications

best

performed

by

this

system,

there

is a grow-

ing

number

of

vital data-processing prob-

lems

that

depend on

this

type

of

automation

-the

UNIVAC 490 Real-Time

System-for

their

effective solution.

The

many

outstanding

features

of

the

UNIV

AC

490 Real-Time System

are

par-

ticularly suited to applications

in

which

processing timeliness is vitally

important,

perishabilityis a factor,

or

decision-making

is based on

data

originating

simultaneously

at

separate, remote points. Some

of

these

features, such

as

solid-state components

and

microsecond

internal

computing

speeds~

represent

the

latest

design advances

in

the

electronic

computer

field.

Other

fea-

tures

of

the

system, such as

the

ability

to

communicate

with

remote locations

and

to

perform

both real-time

and

batch-process-

ing

applications,

are

entirely new develop-

ments.

Some

of

the

major

features

of

the

UNIVAC

490 Real-Time System

are

described briefly

in

the

following

paragraphs.

Processing

Interrupt

An

outstanding

feature

of

the

UNIVAC

490 Real-Time

System

is

its

capacity to

process

real-time

and

batch-processing

applications concurrently.

This

impressive

data-processing innovation is made possi-

ble

through

a unique

feature

that

permits

remote

external

units

to

interrupt

Com-

puter

processing

with

information

of

high

precedence.

With

this

feature

the

maximum

process-

ing

potential

of

the

system is realized.

For

example, when once

the

master

data

for

a

particular

real-time application is recorded

in

storage,

the

Computer

can be used to

process a

"batch"

application. Then, when-

ever

transaction

data

for

the

real-time

problem is

entered

into

a remote

external

unit,

the

Computer's batch-processing is

interrupted

to

permit

handling

the

high

priority

real-time

transaction

and

sending

the

processed

results

to

the

external

unit.

Upon completion

of

the

real-time process-

ing,

the

Computer

automatically

returns

to

the

batch

application.

Further,

if

the

real-

time

information

handled

during

the

inter-

rupt

bears

on

the

interrupted

application,

the

latter

can

be updated by

the

real-time

data,

thereby

assuring

that

all subsequent

processing is up

to

date.

Sol

id-State

Design

The

solid-state components

and

circuitry

of

the

UNIVAC 490 Real-Time System offer

numerous

advantages

including

standard-

ized production

of

components

and

the

re-

duction

of

maintenance

procedures to a few

relatively simple operations.

In

addition to

ease

of

production

and

maintenance, solid-

state

circuits also

impart

a

high

degree

of

operating

reliability to

the

Computer

while

reducing

the

power, cooling,

and

space re-

quirements

of

the

system.

Computer-to-Computer

Configurations

The

UNIVAC 490 Real-Time System's abil-

ity

to coordinate,

through

communication

networks,

the

activities

of

several Com-

puters

located

at

various

points, allows

the

user

to increase his data-processing system

to meet

any

sudden business expansion.

High-Speed

Random

Access

Storage

To meet

the

extremely

demanding

require-

ments

of

real-time

processing,

the

UNIVAC 490Real-TimeSystemisequipped

with

data-storage

facilities

(drums,

tapes)

that

are

more expansive

and

versatile

than

those

of

most

present-day

computing sys-

tems. The

Computer

has

an

internal

co:re

memory

with

a capacity

of

32,768

or

16,384

30-bit words.

A

"Time

Conscious"

System

Processing timeliness,

an

inherent

charac-

teristic

of real-time processing, requires

the

system

to

be

extremely

"time

con-

scious."

Three

precision electronic chro-

nometers provide

the

system

with

a

timing

sensitivity unmatched by

other

computing

systems.

Incremental

Clock

Thisbuilt-in clock is used

for

a wide

variety

of

program-timing

purposes.

It

can be used

to log

the

receipt times

of

aperiodic real-

time

input

data.

Each

input

message

and

its

receipt

time

may

be recorded together.

This clock is also used

in

connection

with

the

preparation

of

statistical

and

analyt-

ical

reports

dealing

with

the

frequency

of

certain

transactions.

Incremental-Interrupt

Clock

This

"program-set"

clock

counts

up

to

32,768 milliseconds. Upon

reaching

its

up-

per

limit,

the

Incremental-Interrupt

Clock

unconditionally

interrupts

the

Computer

at

the

end

of

the

instruction

being

handled,

regardless

of

the

type

of

instruction.

The

clock count is

maintained

in

core storage.

The

Incremental-Interrupt

Clock is

vital

to

the

functioning

of

a real-time system be-

cause one

of

the

primary

uses

of

this

clock

is

timing

subroutine

operations.

If

a mo-

mentary

fault

arising

from

improper

pro-

gramming

throws

the

Computer

into

a

closed loop,

or

if

a

fault

occurring

during

the

execution

of

an

instruction

halts

the

Computer,

the

Incremental-Interrupt

Clock

restarts

the

Computer

by

means

of

an

in-

terrupt,

thus

providing

automatic

fault

recovery.

The

interrupt

can

be used to no-

tify

maintenance personnel

that

a closed

loop

has

occurred.

If

completing

an

opera-

tion

takes

longer

than

desired,

this

clock is

also used to

interrupt

the

Computer

and

thereby

allow

program

attention

to be di-

rected

to

items

of

more

immediate impor-

tance.

Day

Clock

A

feature

particularly

suited

to real-time

problems is

the

24-hour

Day

Clock. As

an

auxiliary

device,

this

electronicclockcauses

an

external

interrupt

of

Computer process-

ing

once

every

minute.

Thus,

"keeping

time"

is placed completely

under

the

pro

..

grammer's

direction.

Since

program

control is

shifted

once every

minute

to a

set

address

in

the

Computer,

the

Day

Clock

can

be used

to

initiate

a va-

riety

of

subroutines.

For

example,

by

using

a compare

routine

on

the

address

reserved

for

timing

purposes,

reports

can

be gener-

ated

at

any

desired time

of

the

day, week

or

month. These

reports

could provide up-to-

the-minute

information

and

analyses

of

company

status.

Error-checking

routines,

trace

routines,

output

conversions, manage-

ment

report

programs,

maintenance

rou-

tines,

and

memory dumps

are

some

of

the

many

routines which can

be

initiated

by

the

Day Clock.

3

4

High-Internal

Computing

Speeds

Along

with

its

high-speed

random

access

storage

facilities, which allow a

high

data-

transmission

rate

between

the

Computer

and

peripheral

units,

the

UNIVAC

490

Real-

Time

System

also

features

instruction

execution times

measured

in

microseconds.

Instruction

access

and

execution

time

totals

12 microseconds

for

most

instructions.

Equipment

Enclosure

The

physical

arrangement

of

the

Computer,

its

peripheral

units,

and

the

operator's

con-

trol

panel

demonstrate

the

UNIVAC

490

Real-Time System's

revolutionary

equip-

ment

enclosureconcept.

This

modern

equip-

ment

installation

technique

affords

the

operator

an

unrestricted

view

of

all signifi-

cant

indicators

and

displays.

It

also posi-

tions

the

peripheral

units

within

easy

reach

to allow

the

operator

to

attend

to

them

when

necessary.

Maintenance personnel, located outside

the

operator's

enclosure, have

unrestricted

ac-

cess to all equipment even

though

it

is

in

operation.

Any

element

of

the

system

may

be monitored

for

maintenance

without

in-

terfering

with

operating

personnel.

In

terms

of

economy

of

installation,

the

equipment

enclosure design concept

pre-

sents

the

additional

advantages

of

greatly

reducing

floor-space

requirements

and

eliminating

the

need

for

expensive false

floors.

Flexible

Input-Output

Facilities

The

UNIVAC 490 Real-Time

System

can

communicate directly

with

a wide

variety

of

commercially

available

input-output

units

and

custom-designed

data-originating

devices.

The

system's

Computer

is

also

capable

of

communicating directly

with

other

computers. The

inherent

flexibility

of

the

system's

input-output

channels en-

ables

the

UNIVAC 490 Real-Time Com-

puter

to

perform

this

diversity

of

input-

output

data

communicating functions.

A

large

number

of

system

input-output

channels

are

employed

for

communications

between

the

Computer

and

peripheral

site

units

such

as

high-speed

printers,

mass-

storage

units,

card

readers,

and

tape-han-

dling units. These same channels

can

be

used to accommodate

an

almost

unlimited

number

of

remote

data-originating

devices

by

using

a special

input-output

buffermode.

Two

input-output

channels

are

utilized

for

communications between

the

UNIVAC 490

Real-Time Computer

and

other

computers.

Automatic

Programming

The

system

features

a

very

flexible compil-

ing

system which allows mnemonic expres-

sion

of

computer-oriented instructions. In-

structions

and

addresses

to

which

they

refer

can

be given alpha-numeric names.

Program

check-out

can

be accomplished

with

special aids which include

post

mor-

tem

and

register

dumping

routines. A sub-

routine

mechanism facilities compilation

of

subroutines

into a final

program.

The

compiling

system

also

has

a

high-level,

problem-oriented language

in

which com-

puter

programs

are

written.

This

compiler

interprets

general

statements

and

auto-

matically

generates

the

necessary machine

instructions

which

perform

the

stated

function.

Floating-Point

Arithmetic

The UNIVAC 490 Real-Time

Computer

floating-point

format

is based on a two-

program-word

information

unit, one

man-

tissa

and

one

characteristic

word.

The

length

of

the

mantissa

is' 28 bits,

and

the

length

of

the

characteristic

is 15 bits, in-

cluding a sign.

It

is a

three-address

system

in

which

four

index-registers

are

used

to

designate

the

operand

and

the

function

codes. As a complete

software

system,

it

includes

input-output

conversion

and

func-

tion evaluation.

Programming

Checks

An

important

characteristic

of

the

UNIVAC 490 Real-Time System is

operat-

ing

reliability, a

mandatory

requirement

of

a

system

designed

for

real-time

processing.

Although

the

system's

reliability

is

achieved

through

solid-state

components, a

number

of

progran1 checks

and

error-de-

tection

procedures

also

contribute

to

the

system's

highly

reliable

performance.

The

system

features

a

routine

for

automatic

restarting

after

an

error

is

detected

and

corrected. Because

transaction

data

in

real-

time

applications

is usually

independent

and

unrelated

to

previously

entered

infor-

mation,

the

system

provides

a

routine

that

preserves

the

transaction

data

being

proc-

essed should

an

error

occur.

SPECIAL

PROGRAMMING

FEATURES

Special

programming

features

enable

the

UNIVAC

490

Real-Time

System

to process

virtually

any

type

of

commercial

or

scien-

tific

data-processing

application.

In

addi-

tion

to

latest

engineering

advances

incor-

porated

into

the

logic

of

the

system, a

host

of

special

software

programming

features

associated

with

the

system

allows

the

user

to

cut

programming

costs to a

minimum.

Powerful

Instruction

Repertoire

The

sixty-two

function

code values

in

the

instruction

repertoire

can

be modified

by

the

system

to

provide

unlimited

program-

ming

versatility.

Much

of

the

real

program-

ming

power

of

the

computer

lies

in

the

unique

format

of

the

instruction

word.

Of

the

thirty

bit

positions

in

the

instruction

word,

nine

serve

as

special

purpose

desig-

nators.

When

these

designators

are

used

in

combination

with

the

function

codes,

the

computer

can

perform

more

than

25,000

basic

programming

operations.

Absolute

Efficiency

Execution

of

a

stored

program

of

instruc-

tions

on

the

Real-Time

Computer

proceeds

in

a

series

of

steps.

Very

often, however,

the

unique

requirements

of

real-time

prob-

lems

necessitate

programming

a

large

num-

ber

of

jump

and

skip

operations.

The

prev-

alence

of

these

operations

arises

because

the

processing

activities

of

a

real-time

com-

puter

involve

serving

a

large

number

of

remote

peripheral

units

that

are

constantly

demanding

computer

attention

on

an

im-

mediate

or

near-immediate

basis.

Since

skip

and

jump

programming

opera-

tions

are

inherent

in

real-time

processing,

the

internal

logic

of

the

UNIVAC

490 Real-

Time

Computer

causes

these

operations

to

be

handled

in

a

manner

approaching

abso-

lute

efficiency.

For

example, because

the

is

in

"review"

while

the

current

instruction

is

being

executed, a

skip

instruction

brings

the

computer-at

no loss

of

time-directly

to

the

resumption

point

without

leafing

through

intervening

in-

structions.

Jump

instructions

are

processed

by

the

computer

with

similar

efficiency.

Library

of

Programmed

Routines

A

maj

or

problem

often

encountered

in

the

installation

of

a

new

type

of

computing

sys-

tem

is

the

large

amount

of

programming

required

to

put

the

system

in

operation.

Because

the

UNIVAC

490 Real-Time Sys-

tem

evolved

from

prototype

systems

which

are

now

performing

successfully

at

com-

mercial,

government,

and

military

installa-

tions,

an

extensive

library

of

proven

pro-

gramming

routines,

including

compiler

and

assembly systems, is

available

to

the

user

immediately.

Core

Storage

Search

From

a

programming

standpoint,

a

very

desirable

and

practical

provision

of

the

UNIVAC

490

Real-Time

System

is

the

fea-

ture

which

allows

the

entire

core

storage,

or

selected

portions

of

it, to be

searched

auto-

matically

and

rapidly.

Programming

the

search

operation

requires

the

use

of

only

two

instructions.

Wired

Memory

A

permanent

memory

is

built

into

the

Com-

puter

for

program

input

and

automatic

error

recovery.

It

consists

of

sixteen

30-bit

words

of

storage,

and

is

wired

to fit

the

specialized needs

of

the

Computer

user.

This

storage

may

be accessed

by

a

program,

but

can

only be

changed

manually.

5

UNIVAC 490 Istruzioni operative e di manutenzione

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