ARM VERSION 1.2 Manuale utente

ARM DUI 0068B

ARM®Developer Suite

Version 1.2

Assembler Guide

ARM Developer Suite

Assembler Guide

Release Information

The following changes have been made to this book.

Proprietary Notice

Words and logos marked with ®or ™are registered trademarks or trademarks owned by ARM Limited. Other

brands and names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.

Neither the whole nor any part of the information contained in, or the product described in, this document

may be adapted or reproduced in any material form except with the prior written permission of the copyright

holder.

The product described in this document is subject to continuous developments and improvements. All

particulars of the product and its use contained in this document are given by ARM in good faith. However,

all warranties implied or expressed, including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability, or

fitness for purpose, are excluded.

This document is intended only to assist the reader in the use of the product. ARM Limited shall not be liable

for any loss or damage arising from the use of any information in this document, or any error or omission in

such information, or any incorrect use of the product.

Change History

Date Issue Change

November 2000 A Release 1.1

November 2001 B Release 1.2

Contents

ARM Developer Suite Assembler Guide

Preface

About this book .............................................................................................. vi

Feedback ....................................................................................................... ix

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 About the ARM Developer Suite assemblers .............................................. 1-2

Chapter 2 Writing ARM and Thumb Assembly Language

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 2-2

2.2 Overview of the ARM architecture .............................................................. 2-3

2.3 Structure of assembly language modules ................................................. 2-12

2.4 Using the C preprocessor ......................................................................... 2-19

2.5 Conditional execution ................................................................................ 2-20

2.6 Loading constants into registers ............................................................... 2-25

2.7 Loading addresses into registers .............................................................. 2-30

2.8 Load and store multiple register instructions ............................................. 2-39

2.9 Using macros ............................................................................................ 2-48

2.10 Describing data structures with MAP and FIELD directives ...................... 2-51

2.11 Using frame directives ............................................................................... 2-66

Chapter 3 Assembler Reference

3.1 Command syntax ........................................................................................ 3-2

Contents

3.2 Format of source lines ................................................................................ 3-8

3.3 Predefined register and coprocessor names .............................................. 3-9

3.4 Built-in variables ....................................................................................... 3-10

3.5 Symbols .................................................................................................... 3-12

3.6 Expressions, literals, and operators ......................................................... 3-18

Chapter 4 ARM Instruction Reference

4.1 Conditional execution ................................................................................. 4-4

4.2 ARM memory access instructions .............................................................. 4-6

4.3 ARM general data processing instructions ............................................... 4-23

4.4 ARM multiply instructions ......................................................................... 4-39

4.5 ARM saturating arithmetic instructions ..................................................... 4-55

4.6 ARM branch instructions .......................................................................... 4-57

4.7 ARM coprocessor instructions .................................................................. 4-62

4.8 Miscellaneous ARM instructions ............................................................... 4-71

4.9 ARM pseudo-instructions ......................................................................... 4-78

Chapter 5 Thumb Instruction Reference

5.1 Thumb memory access instructions ........................................................... 5-4

5.2 Thumb arithmetic instructions ................................................................... 5-15

5.3 Thumb general data processing instructions ............................................ 5-22

5.4 Thumb branch instructions ....................................................................... 5-31

5.5 Thumb software interrupt and breakpoint instructions .............................. 5-37

5.6 Thumb pseudo-instructions ...................................................................... 5-39

Chapter 6 Vector Floating-point Programming

6.1 The vector floating-point coprocessor ........................................................ 6-4

6.2 Floating-point registers ............................................................................... 6-5

6.3 Vector and scalar operations ...................................................................... 6-7

6.4 VFP and condition codes ............................................................................ 6-8

6.5 VFP system registers ............................................................................... 6-10

6.6 Flush-to-zero mode .................................................................................. 6-13

6.7 VFP instructions ....................................................................................... 6-15

6.8 VFP pseudo-instruction ............................................................................ 6-38

6.9 VFP directives and vector notation ........................................................... 6-40

Chapter 7 Directives Reference

7.1 Alphabetical list of directives ...................................................................... 7-2

7.2 Symbol definition directives ........................................................................ 7-3

7.3 Data definition directives .......................................................................... 7-13

7.4 Assembly control directives ...................................................................... 7-26

7.5 Frame description directives ..................................................................... 7-33

7.6 Reporting directives .................................................................................. 7-44

7.7 Miscellaneous directives ........................................................................... 7-49

Glossary

Preface

This preface introduces the documentation for the ARM Developer Suite (ADS)

assemblers and assembly language. It contains the following sections:

•About this book on page vi

•Feedback on page ix.

Preface

About this book

This book provides tutorial and reference information for the ADS assemblers (

armasm

the free-standing assembler, and inline assemblers in the C and C++ compilers). It

describes the command-line options to the assembler, the pseudo-instructions and

directives available to assembly language programmers, and the ARM, Thumb®, and

Vector Floating-point (VFP) instruction sets.

Intended audience

This book is written for all developers who are producing applications using ADS. It

assumes that you are an experienced software developer and that you are familiar with

the ARM development tools as described in ADS Getting Started.

Using this book

This book is organized into the following chapters:

Chapter 1 Introduction

Read this chapter for an introduction to the ADS version 1.2 assemblers

and assembly language.

Chapter 2 Writing ARM and Thumb Assembly Language

Read this chapter for tutorial information to help you use the ARM

assemblers and assembly language.

Chapter 3 Assembler Reference

Read this chapter for reference material about the syntax and structure of

the language provided by the ARM assemblers.

Chapter 4 ARM Instruction Reference

Read this chapter for reference material on the ARM instruction set.

Chapter 5 Thumb Instruction Reference

Read this chapter for reference material on the Thumb instruction set.

Chapter 6 Vector Floating-point Programming

Read this chapter for reference material on the VFP instruction set, and

other VFP-specific assembly language information.

Chapter 7 Directives Reference

Read this chapter for reference material on the assembler directives

available in the ARM assembler,

armasm

Preface

Typographical conventions

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

monospace

Denotes text that can be entered at the keyboard, such as commands, file

and program names, and source code.

monospace

Denotes a permitted abbreviation for a command or option. The

underlined text can be entered instead of the full command or option

name.

monospace italic

Denotes arguments to commands and functions where the argument is to

be replaced by a specific value.

monospace bold

Denotes language keywords when used outside example code.

italic Highlights important notes, introduces special terminology, denotes

internal cross-references, and citations.

bold Highlights interface elements, such as menu names. Also used for

emphasis in descriptive lists, where appropriate, and for ARM processor

signal names.

Further reading

This section lists publications from both ARM Limited and third parties that provide

additional information on developing code for the ARM family of processors.

ARM periodically provides updates and corrections to its documentation. See

http://www.arm.com

for current errata sheets and addenda.

See also the ARM Frequently Asked Questions list at:

http://www.arm.com/DevSupp/Sales+Support/faq.html

ARM publications

This book contains reference information that is specific to development tools supplied

with ADS. Other publications included in the suite are:

•ADS Installation and License Management Guide (ARM DUI 0139)

•Getting Started (ARM DUI 0064)

•ADS Compilers and Libraries Guide (ARM DUI 0067)

Preface

•ADS Linker and Utilities Guide (ARM DUI 0151)

•CodeWarrior IDE Guide (ARM DUI 0065)

•AXD and armsd Debuggers Guide (ARM DUI 0066)

•ADS Debug Target Guide (ARM DUI 0058)

•ADS Developer Guide (ARM DUI 0056)

•ARM Applications Library Programmer’s Guide (ARM DUI 0081).

The following additional documentation is provided with the ARM Developer Suite:

•ARM Architecture Reference Manual (ARM DDI 0100). This is supplied in

DynaText format as part of the online books, and in PDF format in

install_directory\PDF\ARM-DDI 1 B_armarm.pdf

•ARM ELF specification (SWS ESPC 0003). This is supplied in PDF format in

install_directory\PDF\specs\ARMELF.pdf

•TIS DWARF 2 specification. This is supplied in PDF format in

install_directory\PDF\specs\TIS-DWARF2.pdf

•ARM/Thumb Procedure Call Specification (SWS ESPC 0002). This is supplied in

PDF format in

install_directory\PDF\specs\ATPCS.pdf

In addition, refer to the following documentation for specific information relating to

ARM products:

•ARM Reference Peripheral Specification (ARM DDI 0062)

•the ARM datasheet or technical reference manual for your hardware device.

Other publications

The following book gives general information about the ARM architecture:

•ARM System-on-chip Architecture, Furber, S., (2nd Edition, 2000). Addison

Wesley Longman, Harlow, England. ISBN 0-201-67519-6.

Preface

Feedback

ARM Limited welcomes feedback on both ADS and the documentation.

Feedback on the ARM Developer Suite

If you have any problems with ADS, please contact your supplier. To help them provide

a rapid and useful response, please give:

•your name and company

•the serial number of the product

•details of the release you are using

•details of the platform you are running on, such as the hardware platform,

operating system type and version

•a small standalone sample of code that reproduces the problem

•a clear explanation of what you expected to happen, and what actually happened

•the commands you used, including any command-line options

•sample output illustrating the problem

•the version string of the tools, including the version number and build numbers.

Feedback on this book

If you have any problems with this book, please send email to

[email protected]

giving:

•the document title

•the document number

•the page number(s) to which your comments apply

•a concise explanation of the problem.

General suggestions for additions and improvements are also welcome.

Preface

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