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II

rn

~

Customer Engineering Instruction-Reference

7090

Data

Processing System

System

Fundamentals

7100

Central

Processing Unit

7151 Console Control Unit

7606

Multiplexor

CONTENTS

1.

O.

00

INTRODUCTION

TO

THE

IBM 7090

5.3.03

Fixed-Point

Arithmetic

Instructions

55

DATA

PROCESSING

SYSTEM

5

5.3.04

Floating-Point

Arithmetic

Instructions

68

1.1.

00

General

System

Operation

. 5

5.3.05

Transfer

Instructions

91

1.

2.

00

Functional

Parts

of a

Computer

System

5

5.3.06

Trap

Mode

Instructions

97

-1.3.00

7090

System

Make-up

6

5.3.07

Skip

Instructions

99

1.

4.00

7090

General

Logic

9

5.3.08

Control

Instructions

107

1. 4.

01

The

Stored

Program

10

5.3.09

Sense

Indicator

Instructions

111

1.

4.02

Exercises

10

5.3.10

Index

Transmission

Instructions

119

5.3.11

AND

and

OR

Instructions

128

2.0.00

COMPUTER

OPERATIONS

12

5.3.12

Convert

Instructions

132

2.1.

00

Storage

Word

Designation

12

5.3.13

Floating-Point

Trap

141

2.2.00

The

7090

Word

12

2.2.01

Numeric

Quantity

(Data)

Word

12

6.0.00

IBM 7151

CONSOLE

CONTROL

UNIT

144

2.2.02

CPU

Instruction

Word

12

6.1.00

Operator's

Panel

146

2.2.03

Data

Channel

Command

Word

14

6.1.01

Indicators

146

2.3.00

Fundamental

Components

14

6.1.02

Manual

Controls

149

2.4.00

A + B =

C,

Print

C 17

6.1.03

Manual

Control

Keys

151

2.5.00

Other

Components,

Instructions

and

6.2.00

Customer

Engineer's

Test

Panel

158

Commands

21

6.2.01

Indicators

158

6.2.02

Switches

162

3.0.00

CPU

INTERNAL

FUNCTIONS

23

6.3.00

Marginal

Check

Panel

165

3.1.

00

Functional

Components

23

3.1.01

Storage

Register

(SR) 28

7.0.00

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

166

3.1.02

Accumulator

Register

(AC) 28

7.1.00

Condensed

Logic

166

3.1.03

Multiplier-Quotient

Register

(MQ) 28

7.1.01

Adders

166

3.1.04

Sense

Indicator

Register

(SI) 28 7. 1. 02

Address

Register

166

3.1.05

Index

Registers

(XR) 28

7.1.03

Program

Register

166

3.1.06

Program

Register

(PR)

29

7.1.04

Sense

Indicators

166

3.1.07

Shift

Counter

(SC) 29

7.1.05

Sh

ift

C

ounte

r 168

3.1.08

Program

Counter

(PC) 30

7.1.06

Program

Counter

168

3.1.09

Address

Register

(AR) 32

7.1.07

Accumulator

168

3.1.10

Address

Switches

(AS) 32

7.1.08

Multiplier

Quotient

168

3.1.11

Tag

Registers

32

7.1.09

Index

Registers

170

3. 1. 12

Adders

(AD) 32

7.1.10

Storage

Register

170

3.2.00

Instruction

Decoding

and

Processing

36

7.2.00

Service

Aids

170

3.2.01

Operation

Decoders

36

7.2.01

One

Card

Programs

170

3.2.02

Control

Circuits

36

7.2.02

Voltage

174

3.2.03

Pulses

36

7.2.03

Adjustment

of

C

Pulse

Set

174

3.3.00

Basic

Cycle

36

7.3.00

Operator's

Panel

176

7.3.01

Console

Indicators

176

4.0.00

IBM 7606

MULTIPLEXOR

38

7.3.02

Indicator

Lights

177

4.1.

00

Multiplexor

Functional

Units

38

7.3.03

Unitized

Assembly

Lights

&

Keys

178

4.1.

01

Multiplexor

Clock

38

7.3.04

Switches

and

Keys

178

4.1.02

Multiplexor

Storage

Bus

41

7.3.05

Plastic

Rocker

178

4.1.

03

Multiplexor

Storage

Bus

OR'ing

43

7.3.06

Reset

Motor

178

4.1.04

Multiplexor

Address

Switches

43

7.4.00

CE

Panel

179

4.2.00

Data

Flow

and

Control

43

7.4.01

Indicator

Lights

179

4.2.01

CPU

to

C

ore

Storage

. 43

7.4.02

Switches

and

Receptacles

179

4.2.02

Core

Storage

to

CPU

.

44

7.5.00

Marginal

Check

Panel

180

7.5.01

MC

Switches

180

5.0.00

CPU

DATA

FLOW

AND

TIMING

45

7.5.02

MC

Meters

180

5.1.00

I

Cycle

45

7.6.00

Tailgate

181

5.2.00

Indirect

Addressing

45

7.6.01

Signal

Connectors

181

5.3.00

Instructions

47

7.6.02

Power

Connector

s 181

5.3.01

Word

Transmission

Instructions

47

5.3.02

Shifting

Instructions

53

APPENDIX

183

IBM

7090

DATA

PROCESSING

SYSTEM

MAJOR

REVISION--September,

1961

Thi

s

editio

n,

Form

223-6895-1

,

obsoletes

Form

223

-6

895

and

all

earlier

editions

.

Till

s

edition

has

been

revised

throu9hout

and

should

be

reviewed

completely

.

Address

comments

concerning

this

manual

to:

IBM

Corporation

CE

Manual

s, D

epa

rtment

296

P

.O.

Bo

x

390

Pou9hkeepsie,

New

York

©

19

61

by

International

Bu

siness

Machines

Corpor

atio

n

Printed

in

U.S.A.

CORE

STORAGE

CARD

MACHINES

To

Channels B-D

CENTRAL

PROCESSING

UNIT

MULTIPLEXOR

DATA

CHANNEL

A

TAPE

UNIT

FIGURE

2.5-2.

7090

SYSTEM

COMPONENTS

--

REGISTERS,

SWITCHING

FUNCTIONS,

AND

DATA

PATHS

1.

O.

00

INTRODUCTION

TO

THE

IBM

7090

DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM

The

IBM

7090

Data

Processing

System

is

a

solid-state

digital

computer

that

is

approx-

imately

six

times

faster

than

its

vacuum

tube

predecessor,

the

IBM

709.

Along

with

increased

speed,

the

7090

is

also

mbre

versatile.

It

can

perform

more

than

200

distinct

operations.

The

7090

is

used

in

such

fields

as

airplane,

rocket,

and

missile

design,

atomic

research,

weather,

and

missile

tracking.

Using

this

computer,

calculations

in

these

fields

can

be

done

in

much

more

detail

and

with

greater

accuracy

than

ever

before.

Much of

the

need

for

experimental

testing

is

also

eliminated;

rapid,

detailed

calcula-

tions

during

design

can

foresee

many

troubles

that

formerly

would

be

indicated

only

by

testing

an

assembly.

The

IBM

7090

is

also

advantageous

and

economically

feasible

for

business

paper

work

such

as

payroll,

billing,

and

sales

analysis.

Management,

with

the

aid

of

such

a

computer,

can

base

business

decisions

on

more

up-to-date

information

than

was

ever

before

possible.

1.1.00

GENERAL

SYSTEM

OPERATION

A

computer

system

may

be

made

to

add,

subtract,

multiply

or

divide.

According

to

its

make-up,

a

system

may

also

print,

read

cards,

punch

cards,

read

or

write

mag-

netic

tape,

or

perform

many

logic

operations.

Shifting

numbers

right

or

left,

setting

the

algebraic

sign,

and

comparing

the

size

of

two

numbers

are

examples

of

logic

oper-

ations.

To

solve

a

problem,

a

sequence

of

arithmetic

and

logic

operations

and

the

required

data

are

needed.

A

computer

does

one

operation

at

a

time.

When

one

operation

is

complete,

the

next

one

in

sequence

begins.

Executing

operations

continues

until

the

sequence

has

run

its

course

and

the

final

answer

to

the

problem

has

been

computed.

The

sequence

of

operations

for

solving

a

problem

is

called

a

program.

1.

2. 00

FUNCTIONAL

PARTS

OF

A

COMPUTER

SYSTEM

The

normal

make-up

of a

computer

system

consists

of

five

functional

parts:

1.

Input

4.

Control

of

all

sections

2.

Storage

for

data

and

instructions

5.

Output

3.

Arithmetic

for

actual

computing

These

parts

work

together

to

accept

data

and

instructions

into

the

system,

compute

the

solution

to

the

problem,

and

send

the

solution

back

out

of

the

system.

This

all

takes

place

under

the

direction

of

the

program.

5

The

input

section

of a

computer

system

accepts

information

from

any

outside

source

and

places

it

in

the

storage

section.

This

information

may

come

from

punched

cards,

magnetic

tape,

or

manually

operated

keys.

The

information

may

be

instructions,

data

(numbers

for

arithmetic

calculations),

or

alphabetic

characters

for

printing

page

headings,

comments,

and

so

forth.

The

storage

unit

accepts

and

stores

information

that

com

es

into

the

system

through

the

input

section.

When

any

portion

of

the

information

in

storage

is

needed,

that

por-

tion

is

located

and

sent

out

to

the

section

that

requested

it.

All

information

in

the

sys-

tem

is

at

one

time

or

another,

in

storage;

therefore,

computer

speed

depends

on

storage

speed.

The

storage

scheme

of

most

computer

systems

today

is

random

access--

any

portion

of

information

can

be

located

directly

without

searching

other

locations.

The

arithmetic

section

is

the

calculating

section

of

the

computer

system.

Here,

portions

of

information

~

either

instructions

or

data,

can

be

transformed,

combined,

or

altered.

The

control

section

directs

the

other

sections.

It

tells

them

what

to

do

and

when

to

do

it.

Instructions

come

into

the

control

section

from

storage.

The

control

section

also

controls

itself

in

that

it

keeps

account

of

the

instruction

it

is

using

and

the

one

that

it

will

use

next.

The

output

section

takes

calculated

information

from

storage

and

presents

it

to

an

outside

user.

Commonly

used

forms

of

output

are:

information

on

magnetic

tape,

punched

cards,

printed

reports,

or

indicator

lights.

1.

3.

00 7090 SYSTEM

MAKE-UP

The

7090

system

includes

all

five

of

the

sections

previously

mentioned.

Figure

1.

3-1

shows

the

general

grouping

of

these

sections

in

the

7090

system;

arrows

indicate

the

general

flow

of

information.

Although

the

functional

sections

can

be

neatly

separ-

ated,

in

practical

application

it

is

more

likely

that

some

will

be

combined

and

others

~

separated.

Input

and

output

are

combined

with

a

portion

of

control

in

a

data

channel,

and

arithmetic

with

another

portion

of

control

in

the

central

processing

unit

(CPU).

Storage

is

the

only

functional

section

that

is

a

separate

machine

unit.

The

mUltiplexor

controls

the

routing

of

information

into

and

out

of

storage.

The

arrangement

shown

in

Figure

1.

3-1

allows

input-output

to

operate

somewhat

independently,

sharing

storage

with

CPU.

The

highest

order

of

controls

is

in

the

CPU,

where

control

is

delegated

to

the

lower

order

controls

in

the

data

channel

and

multi-

plexor.

A

representative

7090

system

appears

in

Figure

1.

3-2;

the

physical

grouping

of

7090

functions

is

shown,

with

machine

types.

The

tBM

7100

Central

Processing

Unit

is

contained

in

two

cabinets,

or

frames,

CPU1

and

CPU2.

The

7151

Console

Control

Unit

provides

manual

controls

for

the

system

operated

as

a

whole.

The

IBM 7606

Multiplexor

and

IBM 7302

Core

Storage

correspond

to

the

same

units

shown

in

Figure

1.

3-1.

The

number

of

machines

available

for

7090

input-output

(1-0)

operations

is

variable,

but

only

seven

types

are

ordinarily

used:

6

CPU

7607

Data

Chan

I

CD

MPX}

f

Storage

7607

Data

Chan

II

Data

Channel

CPU

Control

and

Arithmetic

Storage

Data Channel

Input -Output

and

Control

FIGURE

1.3-1.

7090

SYSTEM

FUNCTIONAL

ARRANGEMENT

7607

II

7100

CPU

I

Up

to

Ten

729 II's

or

IV's per Data Channel

7607

II

7100

CPU

2

7151

Console

721

Card Punch

..

7607

II

7606

Multi-

plexor

711

Card

Reader

716

I

--I

7607

II

7302

Core

Stor

7607

II

7607

II

Print~r

I Power

(400

208v,

3¢)

to

All

Frames

~

.....

FIGURE

1.3-2.

BLOCK

REPRESENTATION

OF

7090

SYSTEM

Card

Reader

CPU

Storage

Data

Channel

CPU

Storage Printer

Run

Card Reader and

Read

A and B Add A and

B,

Store

Sum

C Start

the

Pri

nter and Print C

FIGURE

1.4-1.

ADD

A AND

B,

PRINT

C

7

7607

Data

Channel

Modell

716

Printer

721

Card

Punch

711

Card

Reader

7607

Data

Channel

Model

2

729 II

Magnetic

Tape

Unit

729 IV

Magnetic

Tape

Unit

The

reader,

punch,

and

printer

can

be

used

only

with

the

7607

Data

Channel

Modell.

The

729 II

and

729 IV

tape

units

can

be

intermixed

on

either

model

data

channel.

The

IBM 7100

CPU

is

the

control

center

of

the

7090

system.

In

addition,

all

arith-

metic

and

logic

circuits

are

located

in

the

CPU.

The

CPU

receives

information

from

storage,

decodes

it,

and

performs

the

necessary

operation.

Even

though

1-0

is

an

independently

functioning

section,

its

operation

must

be

initiated

from

the

CPU.

The

IBM 729 II

and

729 IV

Magnetic

Tape

Units

write

information

on

magnetic

tape

or

read

information

from

magnetic

tape.

The

two

models

perform

indentical

functions,

but

the

729 IV

moves

tape

at

a

higher

rate

than

the

729

II.

The

IBM 711

Card

Reader

reads

information

from

punched

cards

at

250

cards

per

minute.

The

IBM

716

Printer

prints

information

from

core

storage

at

150

lines

per

minute.

The

typewheel

echo

pulses

are

available

to

the

7090

system,

where

they

mayor

may

not

be

used

to

check

the

accuracy

of

printing.

The

IBM 721

Card

Punch

punches

information

from

core

storage

at

100

cards

per

minute.

The

IBM 7607

Data

Channel

Models

1

and

2

control

the

flow of

information

between

the

1-0

units

and

core

storage.

A 7607

Modell

can

control

any

combination

of

ten

729 II

and

729 IV

tape

units

and

up

to

one

each

of

reader,

punch,

and

printer.

The

printer

must

be

present

if

either

a

reader

or

punch

are

to

be

used.

A 7607

Model

2

can

control

ten

tape

units,

but

neither

card

machines

nor

printer.

The

7090

system

may

include

up

to

eight

data

channels.

Each

data

channel

can

be

regarded

as

a

subsystem,

with

its

own

manual

control

console

and

indicator

panel.

Once

a

data

channel

is

set

in

operation

by

an

instruction

in

the

CPU

program,

it

can

call

in

its

own

instructions

(called

commands

in

channel

operations).

These

commands

make

up

what

is

known

as

an

1-0

program.

This

pro-

gram

controls

the

operation

of

the

1-0

unit

that

is

selected

and

also

provides

informa-

tion

to

or

receives

information

from

that

1-0

unit.

Information

received

from

an

1-0

unit

is

placed

in

core

storage,

or

information

is

taken

from

core

storage

to

be

supplied

to

a

selected

1-0

unit.

The

CPU

handles

instructions

that

select

a

particular

data

channel

and

the

1-0

device

on

that

channel.

The

CPU

is

also

responsible

for

supplying

the

channel

with

its

first

command.

This

first

command

can

be

the

first

of a

series

of

commands

(1-0

program)

that

will

sustain

the

selected

channel

and

device

in

operation

independently

of

the

CPU.

\Vhen

this

1-0

program

has

run

its

course,

the

selected

device

stops

and

the

operation

is

complete.

8

It

is

possible

for

a 7090

with

the

full

eight

data

channels

to

have

eight

1-0

programs

and

the

CPU

program

in

operation

simultaneously

--each

independent

of

the

others

and

all

sharing

core

storage.

The

IBM 7302

Core

Storage

is

a

fast,

random-access

storage

unit.

A

unit

of

informa-

tion

can

be

read

into

(or

out

of)

anyone

of

its

32,768

storage

locations

in

2.18

micro-

seconds.

Read-out

is

spoken

of

as

being

nondestructive

in

that

the

information

remains

intact

in

core

storage

after

read-out.-

Storage

serves

both

the

CPU

and

data

channels.

The

only

restriction

is

that

no

two

units

can

be

using

storage

at

exactly

the

same

time.

If

a

data

channel

calls

for

storage

while

CPU

is

using

storage,

the

channel

waits

until

CPU

permits.

storage

priority

to

pass

to

the

channel.

The

IBM 7606

Multiplexor

is

a

time

sharing

and

switching

device.

It

provides

a

path

to

and

from

storage

for

the

CPU

and

data

channels.

The

multiplexor

also

performs

certain

anticipatory,

or

look-ahead

functions

associated

with

data

channel

operations.

The

IBM 7151

CPU

Console

Control

Unit

provides

the

means

to

manually

control

the

system

and

to

display,

in

indicator

lights,

the

contents

of

various

registers,

or

anyone

of

the

storage

locations.

Several

registers

are

continually

displayed.

The

console

also

houses

the

CE

test

panel

and

the

marginal

voltage

check

panel.

1.

4.

00 7090

GENERAL

LOGIC

The

7090

system

operation

can

be

compared

to

a 407

-514

summary

punch

operation.

The

card

feed

in

the

407

is

input;

storage,

arithmetic,

and

control

are

in

the

407;

the

407

print

wheels

and

514

punch

are

output.

The

514

punches

a

card

only

when

instructed

to

do

so

by

the

407

and

information

to

be

punched

must

be

in

storage

and

wired

to

the

514.

The

407

waits

for

a

signal

from

the

514

before

proceeding

to

another

operation.

Similar

requirements

for

control

exist

in

the

7090

system.

Input

waits

in

a

ready

status

until

called

for

by

the

control

section;

the

control

section

manipulates

information

in

a

pre-

determined

manner

and

sequence;

output

operates

when

called

for

by

the

control

section.

Again--as

in

the

accounting

machine,

summary

punch

system--the

control

section

is

continually

informed

of

the

progress

of

events

in

all

sections

so

that

another

operation

can

be

initiated

as

soon

as

the

current

operation

is

complete.

An

example

of

information

flow

and

control

in

the

7090,

is

the

sequence

taken

by

the

system

in

solving

the

following

problem:

Given:

Problem:

The

quantities

A

and

B

punched

in

a

card.

Add B

to

A

and

print

the

result,

C.

(A+B =

C,

print

C)

1.

Cause

the

card

reader

to

run

and

feed

the

card.

2.

Read

the

information

from

the

card

and

place

it

in

storage.

3.

Bring

A

from

storage

into

the

arithmetic

section.

4.

Bring

B

from

storage

and

add

it

to

A.

5.

Place

the

result,

C,

in

storage.

6.

Cause

the

printer

to

run.

7.

Bring

C

from

storage

and

send

it

to

the

print

wheels

for

printing.

9