Novell APPARMOR - AND Manuale utente
This document helps you understand the main concepts behind Novell® AppArmor—the content of AppArmor
proles. Learn how to create or modify AppArmor proles. You can create and manage AppArmor proles in
three different ways. The most convenient interface to AppArmor is provided by means of the AppArmor YaST
modules which can be used either in graphical or ncurses mode. The same functionality is provided by the
AppArmor command line tools or if you just edit the proles in a text editor.
AppArmor Modes
complain/learning
In complain or learning mode, violations of AppArmor
prole rules, such as the proled program accessing les
not permitted by the prole, are detected. The violations
are permitted, but also logged. This mode is convenient
for developing proles and is used by the AppArmor
tools for generating proles.
enforce
Loading a prole in enforcement mode enforces the
policy dened in the prole as well as reports policy vi-
olation attempts to syslogd.
Starting and Stopping AppArmor
Use the rcapparmor command with one of the following
parameters:
start
Load the kernel module, mount securityfs, parse and
load proles. Proles and connement are applied to
any application started after this command was executed.
Processes already running at the time AppArmor is
started continue to run unconned.
stop
Unmount securityfs, and invalidate proles.
reload
Reload proles.
status
If AppArmor is enabled, output how many proles are
loaded in complain or enforce mode.
Use the rcaaeventd command to control event logging
with aa-eventd. Use the start and stop options to toggle
the status of the aa-eventd and check its status using the
status.
AppArmor Command Line Tools
autodep
Guess basic AppArmor prole requirements. autodep
creates a stub prole for the program or application
examined. The resulting prole is called “approximate”
because it does not necessarily contain all of the prole
entries that the program needs to be conned properly.
complain
Set an AppArmor prole to complain mode.
Manually activating complain mode (using the command
line) adds a ag to the top of the prole so that
/bin/foo becomes /bin/foo flags=(complain).
enforce
Set an AppArmor prole to enforce mode from complain
mode.
Novell AppArmor (for SLE 10 SP2)
Quick Start
NOVELL® QUICK START CARD
1
Manually activiating enforce mode (using the command
line) removes mode ags from the top of the prole
/bin/foo flags=(complain) becomes /bin/foo.
genprof
Generate or update a prole. When running, you must
specify a program to prole. If the specied program is
not an absolute path, genprof searches the $PATH vari-
able. If a prole does not exist, genprof creates one using
autodep.
logprof
Manage AppArmor proles. logprof is an interactive tool
used to review the learning or complain mode output
found in the AppArmor syslog entries and to generate
new entries in AppArmor proles.
unconned
Output a list of processes with open tcp or udp ports
that do not have AppArmor proles loaded.
Methods of Proling
Stand-Alone Proling
Using genprof. Suitable for proling small applications.
Systemic Proling
Suitable for proling large numbers of programs all at
once and for proling applications that may run “forev-
er.”
To apply systemic proling, proceed as follows:
1. Create proles for the individual programs that make
up your application (autodep).
2. Put relevant proles into learning or complain mode.
3. Exercise your application.
4. Analyze the log (logprof).
5. Repeat Steps 3-4.
6. Edit the proles.
7. Return to enforce mode.
8. Reload all proles (rcapparmor restart).
Learning Mode
When using genprof, logprof, or YaST in learning mode,
you get several options for how to proceed:
Allow
Grant access.
Deny
Prevent access.
Glob
Modify the directory path to include all les in the sug-
gested directory.
Glob w/Ext
Modify the original directory path while retaining the
lename extension. This allows the program to access
all les in the suggested directories that end with the
specied extension.
Edit
Enable editing of the highlighted line. The new (edited)
line appears at the bottom of the list. This option is called
New in the logprof and genprof command line tools.
Abort
Abort logprof or YaST, losing all rule changes entered
so far and leaving all proles unmodied.
Finish
Close logprof or YaST, saving all rule changes entered
so far and modifying all proles.
Example Prole
# a variable definition
@{HOME} = /home/*/ /root/
# a comment about foo.
/usr/bin/foo {
/bin/mount ux,
/dev/{,u}random r,
/etc/ld.so.cache r,
/etc/foo.conf r,
/etc/foo/* r,
/lib/ld-*.so* mr,
/lib/lib*.so* mr,
/proc/[0-9]** r,
/usr/lib/** mr,
/tmp/ r,
/tmp/foo.pid wr,
/tmp/foo.* lrw,
/@{HOME}/.foo_file rw,
/@{HOME}/.foo_lock w,
# a comment about foo's subprofile, bar.
^bar {
/lib/ld-*.so* mr,
/usr/bin/bar px,
/var/spool/* rwl,
}
}
Structure of a Prole
Proles are simple text les in the /etc/apparmor.d di-
rectory. They consist of several parts: #include, capability
entries, rules, and “hats.”
#include
This is the section of an AppArmor prole that refers to an
include le, which mediates access permissions for pro-
grams. By using an include, you can give the program access
to directory paths or les that are also required by other
programs. Using includes can reduce the size of a prole.
It is good practice to select includes when suggested.
2
To assist you in proling your applications, AppArmor pro-
vides three classes of #includes: abstractions, program
chunks, and variables.
Abstractions are #includes that are grouped by common
application tasks. These tasks include access to authentica-
tion mechanisms, access to name service routines, common
graphics requirements, and system accounting, for example,
base, consoles, kerberosclient, perl, user-mail, user-tmp,
authentication, bash, nameservice.
Program chunks are access controls for specic programs
that a system administrator might want to control based
on local site policy. Each chunk is used by a single program.
Using variables, you can design your proles to be portable
to different environments. Changes in the variable's content
are just made in the variable denition while the prole
containing the variable can remain untouched.
Capability Entries (POSIX.1e)
Capabilities statements are simply the word “capability”
followed by the name of the POSIX.1e capability as dened
in the capabilities(7) man page.
Rules: General Options for Files and
Directories
FileOption
rread
wwrite
llink
Rules: Dening Execute Permissions
For executables that may be called from the conned pro-
grams, the prole creating tools ask you for an appropriate
mode, which is also reected directly in the prole itself:
DescriptionFileOption
Stay in the same (parent's) prole.ixInherit
Requires that a separate prole ex-
ists for the executed program. No
environment scrubbing.
pxProle
Requires that a separate prole ex-
ists for the executed program. Uses
environment scrubbing.
PxProle
Executes the program without a
prole. Avoid running programs in
uxUncon-
strained
unconstrained or unconned mode
for security reasons. No environ-
ment scrubbing.
Executes the program without a
prole. Avoid running programs in
UxUncon-
strained
unconstrained or unconned mode
DescriptionFileOption
for security reasons. This mode
makes use of environment scrub-
bing.
allow PROT_EXEC with mmap(2)
calls
mAllow Exe-
cutable Map-
ping
WARNING: Running in ux Mode
Avoid running programs in ux mode as much as
possible. A program running in ux mode is not only
totally unprotected by AppArmor, but child process-
es inherit certain environment variables from the
parent that might inuence the child's execution
behavior and create possible security risks.
For more information about the different le execute
modes, refer to the apparmor.d(5) man page. For more
information about setgid and setuid environment scrubbing,
refer to the ld.so(8) man page.
Rules: Paths and Globbing
DescriptionGlob
Substitutes for any number of characters,
except /.
*
Substitutes for any number of characters,
including /.
**
Substitutes for any single character, ex-
cept /.
?
Substitutes for the single character a,b,
or c.
[ abc ]
Substitutes for the single character a,b,
or c.
[ a-c ]
Expand to one rule to match ab and an-
other to match cd.
{ ab,cd }
Hats
An AppArmor prole represents a security policy for an
individual program instance or process. It applies to an ex-
ecutable program, but if a portion of the program needs
different access permissions than other portions, the pro-
gram can “change hats” to use a different security context,
distinctive from the access of the main program. This is
known as a hat or subprole.
A prole can have an arbitrary number of subproles, but
there are only two levels: a subprole cannot have further
sub-subproles.
The AppArmor ChangeHat feature can be used by applica-
tions to access hats or subproles during execution. Current-
ly the packages apache2-mod_apparmor and tom-
3
cat_apparmor utilize ChangeHat to provide sub-process
connement for the Apache Web server and the Tomcat
servlet container.
Helpful Additions
Autodocumentation
The tool “sitar” gathers all system conguration information
available from your system and creates comprehensive
system documentation. It can be used to document all new
and changed proles.
Logging and Auditing
All AppArmor events are logged using the system's audit
interface (the auditd logging to /var/log/audit/audit
.log). On top of this infrastructure, event notication can
be congured. Congure this feature using YaST. It is based
on severity levels according to /etc/apparmor/
severity.db. Notication frequency and type of noti-
cation (such as e-mail) can be congured.
If auditd is not running, AppArmor logs to the system log
located under /var/log/messages using the LOG_KERN
facility.
Use YaST for generating reports in CSV or HTML format.
Directories and Files
/sys/kernel/security/apparmor/profiles
Virtualized le representing the currently loaded set of
proles.
/etc/apparmor/
Location of AppArmor conguration les.
/etc/apparmor.d/
Location of proles, named with the convention of re-
placing the /in pathnames with .(not for the root /)
so proles are easier to manage. For example, the prole
for the program /usr/sbin/ntpd is named usr.sbin
.ntpd.
/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/
Location of abstractions.
/etc/apparmor.d/program-chunks/
Location of program chunks.
/proc/*/attr/current
Review the connement status of a process and the
prole that is used to conne the process. The ps auxZ
command retrieves this information automatically.
For More Information
To learn more about the AppArmor project, check out the
project's home page under http://en.opensuse.org/
AppArmor. Find more information on the concept and the
conguration of AppArmor in the Novell AppArmor Admin-
istration Guide.
Legal Notice
Copyright© 2006-2008 Novell, Inc. All rights reserved. No
part of this publication may be reproduced, photocopied,
stored on a retrieval system, or transmitted without the
express written consent of the publisher. For Novell trade-
marks, see the Novell Trademark and Service Mark list
[http://www.novell.com/company/legal/
trademarks/tmlist.html]. All third-party trademarks
are the property of their respective owners. A trademark
symbol (® , ™, etc.) denotes a Novell trademark; an asterisk
(*) denotes a third-party trademark.
4
Created by SUSE® with XSL-FO
5
Altri manuali per APPARMOR - AND
3
Questo manuale è adatto per i seguenti modelli
1
Indice
Altri manuali Novell Software
Novell
Novell IDENTITY MANAGER 3.6.1 - E-MAIL Manuale utente
Novell
Novell GROUPWISE 7 - INTERNET AGENT Manuale utente
Novell
Novell ZENWORKS ENDPOINT SECURITY MANAGEMENT 3.5 Manuale utente
Novell
Novell EDIRECTORY 8.8 SP2 Manuale utente
Novell
Novell APPARMOR 2.1 - Manuale di istruzioni
Novell
Novell LINUX ENTERPRISE DESKTOP 10 SP2 Manuale utente
Novell
Novell ZENWORKS 10 CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT SP3 - COMMAND LINE UTILITIES REFERENCE 10.3... Manuale di programmazione
Novell
Novell CLIENT LOGIN EXTENSION 3.7 - ADMINISTRATION Manuale di istruzioni
Novell
Novell IDENTITY MANAGER 3.6.1 - UNDERSTANDING POLICIES... Manuale utente
Novell
Novell GROUPWISE 8 - LIBRARIES AND DOCUMENTS Manuale utente
Novell
Novell ZENWORKS HANDELD MANAGEMENT 7 SP1 IR4 Manuale utente
Novell
Novell IFOLDER 3.7 - CROSS-PLATFORM Manuale utente
Novell
Novell ACCESS MANAGER 3.1 SP2 - README 2010 Manuale utente
Novell
Novell IFOLDER 3.8 - CROSS-PLATFORM Manuale utente
Novell
Novell OPEN ENTERPRISE SERVER 2 SP2 - LAB GUIDE... Manuale utente
Novell
Novell ZENWORKS LINUX MANAGEMENT 7.2 IR2 - ... Manuale utente
Novell
Novell ZENWORKS 7.2 LINUX MANAGEMENT - SCENARIOS 1... Manuale utente
Novell
Novell ZENWORKS PATCH MANAGEMENT 6.3 - S Manuale di istruzioni
Novell
Novell SERVICE DESK - INSTALLATION V6.1 Manuale utente
Novell
Novell LINUX ENTERPRISE DESKTOP 10 SP2 Manuale utente
Novell
Novell LINUX ENTERPRISE SERVER 10 SP3 -... Manuale
Novell
Novell ZENWORKS 10 CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT SP3 - COMMAND LINE UTILITIES REFERENCE 10.3... Manuale tecnico
Novell
Novell LINUX ENTERPRISE 11 - SUBSCRIPTION MANAGEMENT TOOL GUIDE... Manuale utente
Novell
Novell IFOLDER 3.X - SECURITY ADMINISTRATOR GUIDE... Manuale di servizio
Manuali Software popolari di altre marche
Canon
Canon Vixia HF21 Manuale utente
Canon
Canon ZR950 Manuale utente
Samsung
Samsung Auto Backup Manuale utente
Polycom
Polycom Vortex EF2201 Istruzioni per l'installazione e il funzionamento
Brocade Communications Systems
Brocade Communications Systems Brocade 8/12c Manuale utente
Lexmark
Lexmark Apps Manuale di servizio