Radio Shack TRS-80 Manuale utente

----------

TRS-BO

----------

Special

Note

Model

III

Computer

Graphics

•••

sure

use

the

GCLS

command

("clear

the

Graphics

Screen")

TRSDOS

READY

when

you

first

turn

your

computer.

Otherwise,

random

graphics

may

appear

the

Screen.

Thank

You

lIadlelllaeK

DIVISION

TANDY

CORPORATION

FORT

WORTH,

TEXAS

78102·

8759223

--------

.....

lIadlelllaell---------

TERMS

AND

CONDITIONS

SALE

AND

LICENSE

RADIO

SHACK

COMPUTER

EQUIPMENT

AND

SOFTWARE

PURCHASED

FROM

RADIO

SHACK

COMPANY-OWNED

COMPUTER

CENTER,

RETAIL

STORE

FROM

RADIO

SHACK

FRANCHISEE

DEALER

ITS

AUTHORIZED

LOCATION

LIMITED

WARRANTY

CUSTOMER

OBLIGATIONS

CUSTOMER

assumes

full

responsibility

that

this

Radio

Shack

computer

hardware

purchased

(the

"Equipment"),

and

any

copies

Radio

Shack

software

included

with

the

Equipment

licensed

separately

(the

"Software")

meets

the

specifications,

capacity,

capabilities,

versatility,

and

other

requirements

CUSTOMER

assumes

full

responsibility

for

the

condition

and

effectiveness

the

operating

environment

which

the

Equipment

and

Software

are

function,

and

for

its

installation

II.

RADIO

SHACK

LIMITED

WARRANTIES

AND

CONDITIONS

SALE

For

period

ninety

(90)

calendar

days

from

the

date

the

Radio

Shack

sales

document

received

upon

purchase

the

Equipment,

RADIO

SHACK

warrants

the

original

CUSTOMER

that

the

Equipment

and

the

medium

upon

which

the

Software

stored

free

from

manufacturing

defects

THIS

WARRANTY

ONLY

APPLICABLE

PURCHASES

RADIO

SHACK

EQUIPMENT

THE

ORIGINAL

CUSTOMER

FROM

RADIO

SHACK

COMPANY-OWNED

COMPUTER

CENTERS,

RETAIL

STORES

AND

FROM

RADIO

SHACK

FRANCHISEES

AND

DEALERS

ITS

AUTHORIZED

LOCATION

The

warranty

void

the

Equipment's

case

cabinet

has

been

opened,

the

Equipment

Software

has

been

subjected

improper

abnormal

use

manufacturing

defect

discovered

dUring

the

stated

warranty

period,

the

defective

Equipment

must

returned

Radio

Shack

Computer

Center,

Radio

Shack

retail

store,

participating

Radio

Shack

franchisee

Radio

Shack

dealer

for

repair,

along

with

copy

the

sales

document

lease

agreement

The

original

CUSTOMER'S

sole

and

exclusive

remedy

the

event

defect

limited

the

correction

the

defect

repair,

replacement,

refund

the

purchase

price,

RADIO

SHACK'S

election

and

sole

expense

RADIO

SHACK

has

obligation

replace

repair

expendable

items

RADIO

SHACK

makes

warranty

the

design,

capability,

capacity,

suitability

for

use

the

Software,

except

provided

this

paragraph.

Software

licensed

"AS

IS"

basis,

without

warranty

The

original

CUSTOMER'S

exclusive

remedy,

the

event

Software

manufacturing

defect,

its

repair

replacement

within

thirty

(30)

calendar

days

the

date

the

Radio

Shack

sales

document

received

upon

license

the

Software.

The

defective

Software

shall

returned

Radio

Shack

Computer

Center,

Radio

Shack

retail

store,

participating

Radio

Shack

franchisee

Radio

Shack

dealer

along

with

the

sales

document

Except

provided

herein

employee,

agent,

franchisee,

dealer

other

person

authorized

give

any

warranties

any

nature

behalf

RADIO

SHACK

Except

provided

herein,

RADIO

SHACK

MAKES

WARRANTIES,

INCLUDING

WARRANTIES

MERCHANTABILITY

FITNESS

FOR

PARTICULAR

PURPOSE.

Some

states

not

allow

limitations

how

long

implied

warranty

lasts,

the

above

limitation(s)

may

not

apply

CUSTOMER

III.

LIMITATION

LIABILITY

EXCEPT

PROVIDED

HEREIN,

RADIO

SHACK

SHALL

HAVE

LIABILITY

RESPONSIBILITY

CUSTOMER

ANY

OTHER

PERSON

ENTITY

WITH

RESPECT

ANY

LIABILITY,

LOSS

DAMAGE

CAUSED

ALLEGED

CAUSED

DIRECTLY

INDIRECTLY

"EQUIPMENT"

"SOFTWARE"

SOLD,

LEASED,

LICENSED

FURNISHED

RADIO

SHACK,

INCLUDING,

BUT

NOT

LIMITED

TO,

ANY

INTERRUPTION

SERVICE,

LOSS

BUSINESS

ANTICIPATORY

PROFITS

CONSEQUENTIAL

DAMAGES

RESULTING

FROM

THE

USE

OPERATION

THE

"EQUIPMENT"

"SOFTWARE"

EVENT

SHALL

RADIO

SHACK

LIABLE

FOR

LOSS

PROFITS,

ANY

INDIRECT,

SPECIAL,

CONSEQUENTIAL

DAMAGES

ARISING

OUT

ANY

BREACH

THIS

WARRANTY

ANY

MANNER

ARISING

OUT

CONNECTED

WITH

THE

SALE,

LEASE,

LICENSE,

USE

ANTICIPATED

USE

THE

"EQUIPMENT"

"SOFTWARE"

NOTWITHSTANDING

THE

ABOVE

LIMITATIONS

AND

WARRANTIES,

RADIO

SHACK'S

LIABILITY

HEREUNDER

FOR

DAMAGES

INCURRED

CUSTOMER

OTHERS

SHALL

NOT

EXCEED

THE

AMOUNT

PAID

CUSTOMER

FOR

THE

PARTICULAR

"EQUIPMENT"

"SOFTWARE"

INVOLVED.

RADIO

SHACK

shall

not

liable

for

any

damages

caused

delay

delivering

furnishing

Equipment

and/or

Software.

action

arising

out

any

claimed

breach

this

Warranty

transactions

under

this

Warranty

may

brought

than

two

(2)

years

after

the

cause

action

has

accrued

than

four

(4)

years

after

the

date

the

Radio

Shack

sales

document

for

the

EqUipment

Software,

whichever

first

occurs

Some

states

not

allow

the

limitation

exclusion

incidental

consequential

damages,

the

above

limitation(s)

exclusion(s)

may

not

apply

CUSTOMER.

IV.

RADIO

SHACK

SOFTWARE

LICENSE

RADIO

SHACK

grants

CUSTOMER

non-exclusive,

paid-up

license

use

the

RADIO

SHACK

Software

one

computer,

subject

the

following

provisions:

Except

otherwise

provided

this

Software

License,

applicable

laws

shall

apply

the

Software.

Title

the

medium

which

the

Software

recorded

(cassette

and/or

diskette)

stored

(ROM)

transferred

CUSTOMER,

but

not

title

the

Software

CUSTOMER

may

use

Software

one

host

computer

and

access

that

Software

through

one

terminals

the

Software

permits

this

function.

[)

CUSTOMER

shall

not

use.

make,

manufacture,

reproduce

copies

Software

except

for

use

one

computer

and

specifically

provided

this

Software

License

Customer

expressly

prohibited

from

disassembling

the

Software.

CUSTOMER

permitted

make

additional

copies

the

Software

only

for

backup

archival

purposes

additional

copies

are

required

the

operation

one

computer

with

the

Software,

but

only

the

extent

the

Software

allows

backup

copy

made.

However,

for

TRSDOS

Software,

CUSTOMER

permitted

make

limited

number

additional

copies

for

CUSTOMER'S

own

use

CUSTOMER

may

resell

distribute

unmodified

copies

the

Software

prOVided

CUSTOMER

has

purchased

one

copy

the

Software

for

each

one

sold

distributed.

The

provisions

this

Software

License

shall

also

applicable

third

parties

receiving

copies

the

Software

from

CUSTOMER.

All

notices

shall

retained

all

copies

the

Software.

APPLICABILITY

WARRANTY

The

terms

and

conditions

this

Warranty

are

applicable

between

RADIO

SHACK

and

CUSTOMER

either

sale

the

Equipment

and/or

Software

License

CUSTOMER

transaction

whereby

RADIO

SHACK

sells

conveys

such

EqUipment

third

party

for

lease

CUSTOMER

The

limitations

liability

and

Warranty

provisions

herein

shall

inure

the

benefit

RADIO

SHACK,

the

author.

owner

and/or

licensor

the

Software

and

any

manufacturer

the

Equipment

sold

RADIO

SHACK

VI.

STATE

LAW

RIGHTS

The

warranties

granted

herein

give

the

original

CUSTOMER

sp8CIfic

legal

rights,

and

the

original

CUSTOMER

may

have

other

rights

which

vary

from

state

state.

computer

Graphics

Operation

Manual

----------TRS·BO

----------

TRS-8~·

Computer

Graphics

Operation

Manual

1982,

All

Rights

Reserved,

Tandy

Corporation.

Reproduction

use

without

express

written

permission

from

Tandy

Corporation,

any

portion

this

manual

prohibited.

While

reasonable

efforts

have

been

taken

the

preparation

this

manual

assure

its

accuracy,

Tandy

Corporation

assumes

liability

resulting

from

any

errors

omissions

this

manual,

from

the

use

the

information

obtained

herein.

TRSDOS·

Operating

System

198~,

1981,

Tandy

Corporation,

All

Rights

Reserved.

BASIC

Software

198~,

Microsoft,

Inc.,

All

Rights

Reserved,

Licensed

Tandy

Corporation.

BASICG

Software

1982,

Microsoft,

Inc.,

All

Rights

Reserved,

Licensed

Tandy

Corporation.

---------IICM1l8l11aell---------

-2-

Computer

Graphics

Operation

Manual

-----------TRS-BO

----------

Contents

Our

eus

tamers.

......................................

Computer

Graphics

Overview

•..•.••••..••••.••••.•.•••.•

Starting-Up

Comm.ands

••••••••••••••••••••••••

•'

•••••••••••

Graphics

BASICG BASIC (BASICG)

••...••••....••••••.•••••••••.

Graphics

utilities

Graphics

Subroutine

Library

(FORTRAN)

•••••••••••••..•

Programming

the

Graphics

Board

••.••••...•..•.••••.••

114

Appendix

BASICG/Utilities

Reference

Summary

•••••••••

117

Appendix

BASICG

Error

Messages

••..••••.•••••.•.••.••

12~

Appendix

Subroutine

Language

Reference

Summary

•.•••.

125

Appendix

Sample

Programs

BAS

leG.

.................................•.......

127

Printing

Graphics

Displays

••.•..•...•••••••..•.•••

133

FORTRAN

Sample

Programs

•..•••••...••••••••..••••.•

135

Appendix

Base

Conversion

Chart

••.••••.•.•.••.•••..••

152

Appendix

Pixel

Grid

Reference

•.••••••.•.•••.•.•••.••

156

Appendix

Line

Style

Reference

..•.•••.•••••...•••..•.

162

Index.

...............................................

163

----------lIadlolhaetl----------

-3-

Computer

Graphics

Operation

Manual

----------

TRS·BO

----------

Our

Customers

•••

The

TRS-8~®

Computer

Graphics

package

revolutionizes

your

Model

III

letting

you

draw

intricate

displays

from

simple

program

instructions.

With

the

highly-defined

Graphics

Screen,

the

list

practical

applications

nearly

endless!

The

TRS-8~

Computer

Graphics

package

includes

Computer

Graphics

Diskette

Computer

Graphics

Operation

Manual

However,

before

you

can

use

this

package,

your

Model

III

must

have

48K

RAM

(Random

Access

Memory)

and

one

disk

drive.

Your

computer

must

also

modified

qualified

Radio

Shack

service

technician.

The

only

difference

you'll

notice

cable

which

protrudes

from

the

bottom

the

Model

III

case.

not

attempt

disconnect

this

cable!

This

cable

provided

allow

you

attach

peripheral

devices

(such

hard

disk)

the

I/O

Bus

Jack

the

Model

III.

The

cable

connector

which

attached

directly

the

I/O

Bus

Jack

(see

Point

the

figure

below)

must

firmly

attached

for

the

Computer

Graphics

package

work.

Included

the

Graphics

diskette

are:

TRSDOS

1.3

Disk

BASIC

Graphics

BASIC (BASICG)

Graphics

Subroutine

Library

(GRPLIB)

---------ltadI8Ihaell---------

-4-

Computer

Graphics

Operation

Manual

----------TRS-aO

----------

Graphics

Utilities

Sample

Programs

BASICG

and

FORTRAN.

graphic

displays,

you

can

use

any

Radio

Shack

printer

that

has

graphic

capabilities

such

Line

Printer

VII

(26-1167),

Line

Printer

VIII

(26-1168),

DMP-l~~

(26-1253),

DMP-2~~

(26-1254),

DMP-4~~

(26-1251),

DMP-5~~

(26-1252).

You

can

also

utilize

the

Graphics

Subroutine

Library

with

several

languages,

including,

but

not

limited

FORTRAN

(26-22~~)

•

About

This

Manual

•••

For

your

convenience,

we've

divided

this

manual

into

five

sections

plus

appendixes:

Computer

Graphics

Overview

Graphics

BASIC (BASICG)

Language

Description

Graphics

utilities

FORTRAN

Description

Programming

the

Graphics

Board

Appendixes

This

package

contains

two

separate

(but

similar)

methods

for

Graphics

programming:

Graphics

BASIC (BASICG)

Graphics

Subroutine

Library

you're

familiar

with

Model

III

TRSDOS

and

BASIC,

you

should

have

little

trouble

adapting

Graphics

BASIC.

you

want

review

BASIC

statements

and

syntax,

see

your

Model

III

Operation

and

BASIC

Language

Reference

Manual

and

Model

III

Disk

System

Owner's

Manual.

Then

read

Chapters

and

along

with

Appendixes

and

this

manual.

it's

Graphics

applications

FORTRAN

you're

after,

refer

the

TRS-8~

FORTRAN

manual.

Then

read

Chapters

and

well

Appendixes

and

this

manual.

Note:

This

manual

written

reference

manual

for

the

TRS-8~

Computer

Graphics

package.

not

intended

teaching

guide

for

graphics

programming.

---------ltadI8Ihaell---------

-5-

computer

Graphics

----------

TRS·BO

Notational

Conventions

Operation

Manual

The

following

conventions

are

used

show

syntax

this

manual:

CAPITALS

lowercase

underline

<ENTER>

...

filespec

punctuation

delimiters

Any

words

characters

which

are

uppercase

must

typed

exactly

they

appear.

Fields

shown

lowercase

underline

are

variable

information

that

you

must

substitute

value

for.

Any

word

character

contained

within

brackets

represents

keyboard

key

pressed.

Ellipses

indicate

that

field

entry

may

repeated.

field

shown

filespec

indicates

standard

TRSDOS

file

specification

the

form:

filenamejext.password:d

Note

that

with

TRSDOS

1.3,

(Drive)

can

any

number

from

~-3.

Punctuation

other

than

ellipses

must

entered

shown.

Commands

must

separated

from

their

operands

one

blank

spaces.

Multiple

operands,

where

allowed,

may

separated

from

each

other

comma,

acomma

followed

one

blanks,

one

blanks.

Blanks

and

commas

may

not

appear

within

operand.

---------ICHlI8Ihae1l---------

-6-

computer

Graphics

operation

Manual

----------TRS-BO

----------

Computer

Graphics

Overview

Graphics

the

presentation

dimensional

artwork.

With

TRS-8~

Computer

Graphics,

the

artwork

displayed

two-dimensional

plane

your

computer

screen.

artist's

easel

teacher's

blackboard,

the

screen

"drawing

board"

for

your

displays.

TRS-8~

Computer

Graphics

has

two

colors:

Black

(OFF)

White

(ON)

Graphics

programming

different

from

other

types

programming

because

your

ultimate

result

pictorial

display

(bar

graph,

pie

chart,

etc.)

rather

than

textual

display

"(sum,

equation,

etc.).

This

important

distinction.

After

working

with

graphics

for

while,

you'll

find

yourself

thinking

"visually"

you

write

programs.

computer-generated

graphics,

displays

can

include

tables,

charts,

graphs,

illustrations

and

other

types

artwork.

Once

they're

created,

you

can

"paint"

displays

with

variety

styles

and

shapes,

even

simulate

animation.

The

Computer

Graphics

program

uses

"high-resolution"

screen.

The

addressable

points

dots

(called

"pixels")

computer's

screen,

the

higher

the

resolution.

lower

resolution

screen

has

fewer

addressable

pixels.

---------lIadlelllaell---------

-7-

Computer

Graphics

Operation

Manual

-----------TRS-aO

----------

PIXEL-

.......

Lower resolution Higher resolution

Figure

Resolution

Since

the

TRS-8~

has

high-resolution

64~

pixels

the

X-axis

639)

and

24~

pixels

the

Y-axis

239)

you

can

draw

displays

that

have

excellent

clarity

and

detail.

How

TRS-8~

Computer

Graphics

Works

The

concept

graphics

fairly

simple.

Each

point

the

screen

can

turned

(white)

OFF

(black).

When

you

clear

the

Graphics

Screen,

all

graphic

points

are

turned

OFF.

Therefore,

setting

various

combinations

the

pixels

(usually

with

single

command)

either

OFF,

you

can

generate

lines,

circles,

geometric

figures,

pictures,

etc.

The

Graphics

Subroutine

Library,

which

part

the

Computer

Graphics

package,

contains

subroutines

which

provide

the

same

capabilities,

well

similar

names

and

parameters,

the

commands

and

functions

Graphics

BASIC.

The

main

difference

between

the

Subroutine

Library

and

BASICG

the

manner

which

coordinates

are

specified

(e.g.,

BASICG

coordinates

are

specified

arguments

for

each

command

while

the

Subroutine

Library

specifies

coordinates

with

separate

subroutine

call).

Another

difference

concerns

the

names

few

routines

(e.g.,

LINE

vs.

LINEB

vs.

LINEBF,

etc.).

All

these

differences

will

---------lIadlolhaell---------

-8-

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