RCA COSMAC Manuale utente

Microprocessor

Products

User Manual

for

the

COSMAC

Microprocessor

User Manual

for the

COS

MAC

Microprocessor

RCAISolid State DivisionISomerville, NJ 08876

RCA

Corporation

(All

rights reserved under Pan-American Copyright Convention)

Printed

USA/5-75

Information furnished

RCA

believed

accurate

and

reliable.

However,

responsibility

assumed

RCA

for

its

use;

nor

for

any

infringements

patents

other

rights

third

parties

which

may

result

from

its

use.

license

granted

implication

otherwise

under

any

patent

rights

RCA.

Trademark(s) Registered ®

M,arca(s) Registrada(s)

Table of Contents

Page

No.

Introduction

General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Specific Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

System Organization

......................................................

COSMAC

Architecture

and

Notation.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Instructions and Timing.

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Instruction

Repertoire

......................................................

Memory Reference

.......................................................

ALU

Operations Using

M(R(X))

ALU

Operations Using M(R(P))

nput/Output

Byte Transfer

................................................

Branching.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Control

................................................................

Interrupt

Handling.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Instruction

Utilization

...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Memory

and Control Interface

Memory

Interface and

Timing

......................................

. . . . . . . . . 33

Control Interfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I/O

Interface

Programmed

I/O

DMA

Operation

Interrupt

Control

Machine Code Programming

Sample System and Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Useful Instructions

with

X = P

...............

,..............................

Interru

Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Branching Between

Pages

..................................................

Subroutine Techniques 53

Common Program

Bugs.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Appendixes:

A -

Instruction

Summary

..................................................

B - State Sequencing

.....................................................

C - COSMAC Interface and

................................................

Chip Connections

D - COSMAC

Timing

Summary

.............................................

Index

..................................................

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Foreword

The

RCA

Microprocessor

(COSMAC)

LSI

CMOS

8-bit

central

processing

unit.

suitable

for

use in a

wide

range

stored-program

computer

systems

and

products.

These

systems

may

either

special

general-purpose

nature.

This User Manual provides a

detailed

guide

the

COSMAC Microprocessor. It

written

for

electrical

engineers,

and

assumes

familiarity

with

computers.

It describes

the

microprocessor

architecture

and

its

set

simple, easy-to-use

instructions.

Examples are given

illustrate

the

operation

each

instruction.

For

systems

designers,

this

manual illustrates practical

methods

adding

external

memory

and

control

circuits. Because

the

processor

capable

supporting

input/output

(I/O) devices

polled,

interrupt-

driven,

and

direct-memory-access

modes,

detailed

examples

are provided

for

the

use

the

I/O

instructions

and

the

use

the

I/O

interface

lines.

The

latter

include

direct-memory-access

and

interrupt

inputs,

external

flag

inputs,

command

lines, processor

state

indicators,

and

external

timing

pulses.

This manual also describes

machine-code

programming

methods

and

gives

detailed

examples.

Potential

programming

errors

are discussed,

and

various

programming

techniques

are

described,

including

interrupt

response,

long

branch,

and

subroutine

linkage

and

nesting.

This basic

manual

intended

help design engineers

understand

the

COSMAC

Microprocessor

and

aid

them

developing

simpler

and

powerful

products

based on

microprocessors.

Users requiring infor-

mation

the

operation

the

RCA COSMAC

Microprocessor

software

support

system

should

refer

the

MPM-102

"Program

Development

Guide

for

the

COSMAC

Microprocessor".

Introd

uction

General

The COSMAC Microprocessor has been developed

and

tested

within RCA in a wide variety

appli-

cations. COSMAC

suitable for use

business,

education,

entertainment,

instrumentation,

control,

communications,

and

other

applications where

stored

program

control

desired.

The

RCA COSMAC Microprocessor

a CMOS

byte-oriented

central processing

unit

(CPU). It

suitable

for use

a wide range

stored-program

computer

systems

products.

These systems can be

either

special

general-purpose in

nature.

They

are

byte-oriented,

byte

being eight bits.

COSMAC

operations

are specified by sequences

one-byte

operation

codes

stored

in a

memory.

These

operation

codes are called instructions. Sequences

instructions,

called programs,

determine

the

specific

behavior

function

a COSMAC-based system. System

functions

are easily changed

modifying

the

program(s)

stored

memory.

This ability

change

function

without

extensive

hardware

modification

the

basic advantage

stored-program

computer.

Reduced

cost

results

from

using identical

hardware

components

(memory

and

microprocessor)

a variety

different

systems

products.

The COSMAC microprocessor includes all

the

circuits required

for

fetching,

interpreting,

and

exe-

cuting

instructions

which have been

stored

standard

types

memories. Extensive input/output

(I/O)

control

features are also provided

facilitate

system

design.

Microprocessor

cost

only

a small

part

total

system

product

cost.

Memory,

input,

output,

power-

supply,

system-control,

and

programming costs are also major considerations. A

unique

set

COSMAC

features

combine

minimize

the

total system cost.

COSMAC's low-power, single-voltage CMOS

circuitry

minimizes power-supply

and

packaging costs.

High noise

immunity

and

wide

temperature

tolerance

facilitate use

hostile

environments.

COSMAC

compatibility

with

standard,

high-volume memories assures

minimum

memory

cost

and

maximum

system

flexibility

for

both

current

and

future

applications. Program storage

requirements

are

reduced by means

an efficient

one-byte

instruction

format.

The 40-pin COSMAC system interface

designed

minimize external I/O and

memory

control

circuitry. A single-phase clock, internal direct-memory-access (DMA)

mode,

flexible I/O

instructions,

program

interrupt,

program load

mode,

and

static

circuitry

are

other

COSMAC

features

explicitly

aimed

total

system

cost

reduction.

COSMAC does

not

require an external

bootstrap

ROM.

Microprocessor programming

facilitated

a variety

support

programs

software.

Extensive

support

software

and

support

hardware are available

for

use

developing COSMAC systems. Machine-

language programming

sometimes

indicated

when

only

few

short

programs need

be developed.

COSMAC provides a

set

efficient, easy-to-Iearn

instructions

which

are simple

use.

The COSMAC microprocessor comprises

two

conservatively designed LSI chips (one 40-pin

and

one

28-pin dual-in-line package).

Appendix

C shows

the

required

interconnections

for

these

two

LSI

chips

and

summarizes

the

COSMAC

system

interface signals.

User

Manual for the

Specific Features

The advanced features and

operating

characteristics

the

RCA

COSMAC

Microprocessor

include:

• static

COS/MOS

circuitry,

minimum

clock

frequency

•

full

military

temperature

range

• high noise

immun

ity,

wide

operating-voltage range

•

TTL

compatibility

•

8-bit

parallel

organization

with

bidirectional

data bus

•

built-in

program-load

facility

•

any

combination

standard

RAM/ROM

via

common

interface

•

direct

memory

addressing

65,536

bytes

•

flexible

programmed

I/O

mode

•

program

interrupt

mode

•

on-chip

DMA

facility

•

four

I/O

flag

inputs

directly

testable

branch

instruction

•

one-byte

instruction

format

with

two

machine cycles

for

each

instruction

•

easy-to-use

instructions

• 16 x

matrix

registers

for

use

multiple

program counters, data

pointers,

data registers

System Organization

Fig. 1

illustrates

typical

computer

system

incorporating

the

COSMAC

microprocessor.

Operations

that

can

performed

COSMAC

include:

control

input/output

(I/O)

devices,

transfer

binary

data between

I/O

and

memory

(M),

movement

data bytes between

different

memory

locations,

interpretation

modification

bytes stored in

memory.

(41

I/O

____

CPU

______

TIMING

B MSC.

STATE

CODE

(21

DEPENDING

RAMIROM

SYSTEM

65536

TIMING

(21

BYTES

COS

MAC CONTROL

MAX.

MWRITE

DMA/INT.

(31 CKTS

FLAGS

(41

1/0

DEVICES

DATABUS(BI

92C5-

26554

Fig. 1 -

Block

diagram

typical

computer

system using

the

COSMAC

microprocessor.

COSMAC Microprocessor

_____________________________

_ 9

For example, COSMAC can control

the

entry

binary-coded decimal numbers

from

input

keyboard

and

store

them

predetermined

memory

locations. COSMAC can

then

perform

specified

arithmetic

operations

using

the

stored

numbers

and

transfer

the

results

output

display

printing device.

System

input

devices may include switches,

paper-tape/card

readers, magnetic-tape/disc devices, relays,

modems, analog-to-digital converters,

photodetectors,

and

other

computers.

Output

devices may include

lights,

CRT

/lED/liquid-crystal

devices, digital-to-analog converters, modems, printers,

and

other

computers.

Memory can comprise

any

combination

RAM

and

ROM

maximum

65,536

bytes. ROM

(Read-Only Memory)

used

for

permanent

storage

programs, tables,

and

other

types

fixed

data.

RAM

(Random-Access Memory)

required for general-purpose

computer

systems which require

frequent

program

changes.

RAM

also required

for

temporary

storage

variable

data.

The

type

memory

and

required

storage

capacity

determined

the

specific application

the

system.

Bytes are

transferred

between ·1/0 devices,

memory,

and

COSMAC by means

common,

bidirectional

eight-bit

data

bus.

Fifteen COSMAC I/O

control

signal lines are provided. Systems can use

some

all

these signals

depending

required I/O sophistication. A

four-bit

code

generated by

the

COSMAC

input/output

instruction.

can be used

specify an I/O device

be involved in an I/O-memory

byte

transfer

by means

the

data

bus,

or,

alternatively,

specify

whether

an I/O

byte

represents

data,

an I/O device selection

code, an I/O

status

code,

an I/O

control

code.

Use

the

code

directly

specify an I/O device

permits simple, inexpensive

control

a small

number

I/O devices

modes. Use

the

code

specify

the

meaning

the

word

the

data

bus facilitates systems incroporating a large

number

I/O devices

modes.

Four

I/O flag

inputs

are provided. I/O devices can activate these

inputs

any

time

signal COSMAC

that

byte

transfer

required,

that

error

condition

has

occurred,

etc.

These flags can also be used

binary

input

lines if desired.

They

can be

tested

by COSMAC instructions

determine

whether

not

they

are active. Use

the

flag inputs

must

coordinated

with

programs

that

test

them.

A program

interrupt

line can be activated

any

time

by I/O circuits

obtain

immediate

COSMAC

response.

The

interrupt

causes COSMAC

suspend its

current

program sequence

and

execute

a prede-

termined

sequence

operations

designed

respond

the

interrupt

condtion.

After servicing

the

inter-

rupt,

COSMAC resumes

execution

the

interrupted

program. COSMAC

can

be made

ignore

the

inter-

rupt

line by resetting its

interrupt-enable

flip-flop (IE).

Two additional I/O lines are provided

for

special

types

byte

transfer

between

memory

and

I/O devices.

These lines are called direct-memory-access (DMA) lines. Activating

the

DMA-in line causes an

input

byte

be immediately

stored

in a

memory

location

without

affecting

the

COSMAC program being

executed.

The

DMA-out line causes a

byte

be immediately

transferred

from

memory

the

requesting

output

circuits. A

built-in

memory

pointer

used

indicate

the

memory

location

for

the

DMA cycles.

The

program

sets this

pointer

an initial

memory

location. Each DMA

byte

transfer

automatically

increments

the

pointer

the

higher

memory

location.

Repeated

activation

a DMA line can cause

the

transfer

any

number

consecutive

bytes

and

from

memory

independent

concurrent

program

execution.

I/O device circuits can cause

data

transfer

activating a flag line,

the

interrupt

line,

a DMA line. A

program

must

sample a flag line

determine

when

becomes

active. Activating

the

interrupt

line causes an

immediate COSMAC response regardless

the

program

currently

progress, suspending

operation

that

program. Use

DMA provides

the

quickest

response

with

least

disturbance

the

program.

two-bit

COSMAC

state

code

and

two

timing

lines are provided

for

use

I/O device circuits. These

four

signals

permit

synchronization

I/O circuits

with

internal COSMAC

operating

cycles.

The

state

code

indicates

whether

COSMAC

responding

DMA

request,

responding

interrupt

request,

executing

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