Red Hat ENTERPRISE LINUX 4 - DEVELOPER TOOLS GUIDE Manuale utente

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4

Developer Tools Guide

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4: Developer Tools Guide

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Table of Contents

1. Overview of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Developer Tools............................................................ 1

2. Basic Principles of the Tools........................................................................................................... 3

2.1. Compiler and Development Tools ..................................................................................... 3

2.2. Libraries ............................................................................................................................. 3

2.3. Auxiliary Development Tools ............................................................................................ 4

2.4. gcc, the GNU Compiler Collection................................................................................... 4

2.5. cpp, the GNU Preprocessor............................................................................................... 6

2.6. as, the GNU Assembler..................................................................................................... 6

2.6.1. Object Files ......................................................................................................... 6

2.6.2. Assembler Directives .......................................................................................... 7

2.7. ld, the GNU Linker ............................................................................................................ 7

2.8. gcov, the Test Coverage Tool............................................................................................ 8

2.9. gdb, the Debugging Tool.................................................................................................... 8

2.10. make, the GNU Recompiling Tool .................................................................................. 8

2.10.1. Example Makefile .......................................................................................... 9

2.11. binutils, the GNU Binary Utilities ................................................................................. 10

2.12. Using info, the Documentation Tools ............................................................................ 10

2.12.1. Reading info Documentation .......................................................................... 11

2.13. Learn More About the Tools.......................................................................................... 11

3. Developing with Red Hat Enterprise Linux Developer Tools ................................................... 13

3.1. Create Source Code.......................................................................................................... 13

3.2. Compile, Assemble, and Link from Source Code ........................................................... 13

3.3. Run the Executable .......................................................................................................... 13

3.4. Debug the Executable ...................................................................................................... 14

3.5. Assembler Listings........................................................................................................... 16

3.6. Disassembling.................................................................................................................. 16

Index................................................................................................................................................... 19

Chapter 1.

Overview of Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Developer Tools

This manual introduces you to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Developer Tools and its documentation

set. After you read this, refer to the following documentation for details about the Red Hat Enterprise

Linux Developer Tools:

•Compiler Tools

•Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

•Using cpp, the C Preprocessor

•Debugging Tools

•Debugging with GDB

•Development Tools

•Using ld, the Gnu Linker

•Auxiliary Development Tools

•Using as, the Gnu Assembler

•Using binutils, the Gnu Binary Utilities

HTML, PDF, and RPM versions of the manuals are available on the Documentation CD and online at

http://www.redhat.com/docs/.

For more information on the tools and their history, see the following websites:

•http://sources.redhat.com/

•http://www.linuxdoc.org/

•http://www.opensource.org/products.html

•http://www.gnu.org/

•http://www.fsf.org/manual/

•http://www.openbsd.org/docum.html

2 Chapter 1. Overview of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Developer Tools

Chapter 2.

Basic Principles of the Tools

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Developer Tools’s C and C++ compilers, macro-assembler, debugger, bi-

nary utilities, libraries, and other development tools provide productivity, ﬂexibility, performance, and

portability. This chapter begins with a summary of the tools, then describes each tool in more detail.

To use a tool, open your system’s terminal shell window and enter the tool’s name as a command

(gcc, for instance, invokes the compiler. For a summary of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Developer

Tools, refer to Section 2.1 Compiler and Development Tools, Section 2.2 Libraries, and Section 2.3

Auxiliary Development Tools.

To learn about working with the tools, refer to Chapter 3 Developing with Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Developer Tools.

2.1. Compiler and Development Tools

The following lists the main tools for developing projects with Red Hat Enterprise Linux Developer

Tools.

Tool Description

cpp C preprocessor (refer to Section 2.5 cpp, the GNU Preprocessor; and Using

cpp, the C Preprocessor)

diff, diff3,

sdiff

Comparison tools for text ﬁles.

gcc ISO-conforming compiler collection (refer to Section 2.4 gcc, the GNU

Compiler Collection and Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC))

g++ A frontend to gcc that defaults to interpreting ﬁles as being C++ source ﬁles

even if they look like C source ﬁles

gcov Coverage analyzer, for testing code for efﬁciency and performance, and for

use as a proﬁling tool (refer to Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC))

gdb -nw Debugger for debugging with command line input (refer to Section 2.9 gdb,

the Debugging Tool and Debugging with GDB)

gdb Debugger for making applications work better (refer to Debugging with

GDB)

ld Linker (refer to Section 2.7 ld, the GNU Linker and Using ld, the Gnu

Linker)

make Compilation control program (refer to Section 2.10 make, the GNU

Recompiling Tool)

patch Installation tool for source ﬁxes

4 Chapter 2. Basic Principles of the Tools

2.2. Libraries

Library Description

libc ANSI C runtime library

libm C math subroutine library

libstdc++ C++ class library

2.3. Auxiliary Development Tools

The following components are also provided for general development:

Component Description

as Assembler (refer to Section 2.6 as, the GNU Assembler and Using as, the

Gnu Assembler)

info Online documentation tools (refer to Section 2.12 Using info, the

Documentation Tools)

man man pages, the standard UNIX online documentation

The GNU binary utilities provide functionality beyond the main development tools (refer to Using

binutils, the Gnu Binary Utilities).

Utility Description

addr2line Converts addresses into ﬁle names and line numbers

ar Creates, modiﬁes and extracts from object code archives

c++filt Demangles and deciphers encoded C++ symbol names

dlltool Creates ﬁles for builds, using dynamic link libraries (DLLs)

nm Lists symbols from object ﬁles

objcopy Copies and translates object ﬁles

objdump Displays information from object ﬁles

ranlib Generates index to archive contents

readelf Displays information about ELF format object ﬁles

size Lists ﬁle section sizes and total sizes

strings Lists printable strings from ﬁles

strip Discards symbols

2.4. gcc, the GNU Compiler Collection

The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), is a complete set of tools for compiling programs written in

C, C++, Objective C, or languages for which you have installed front-ends. The GNU compiler uses

the following utilities:

Chapter 2. Basic Principles of the Tools 5

•cpp GNU preprocessor that processes all the header ﬁles and macros that your target requires (refer

to Section 2.5 cpp, the GNU Preprocessor).

•as GNU assembler that produces binary code from assembly language code and puts it in an object

ﬁle (refer to Section 2.6 as, the GNU Assembler).

•ld GNU linker that binds the code to addresses, links the startup ﬁle and libraries to an object ﬁle,

and then produces an executable binary image (refer to Section 2.7 ld, the GNU Linker).

To invoke the compiler, type:

gcc option, option...

Each option signiﬁes input that allows you to control how the program compiles (for example, you

can interrupt a compile process at intermediate stages). Use commas to separate options. There are

many options available that provide speciﬁc types of compiled output, some for preprocessing, others

controlling assembly, linking, optimization, debugging, and still others for target-speciﬁc functions.

For instance, call the compiler with a -v option to refer to precisely which options are in use for each

compilation pass.

gcc implicitly recognizes the following ﬁle extensions:

•.c (for C source code that must be preprocessed)

•.C (for C++ source code that must be preprocessed)

•.s (for assembler code)

•.S (for assembler code that must be preprocessed).

When referring to C++ compilation, g++ is its customary name. Because there is only one compiler, it

is also accurate to use the gcc call, no matter what the language context. The g++ distinction is more

useful when the emphasis is on compiling C++ programs, with the GNU compiler acting not merely

as a preprocessor, but building object code directly from your C++ program source.

There is no intermediate C version of the program; avoiding an intermediate C representation of the

program means that you get better object code and better debugging information. The GNU debugger

works with this information in the object code to give you comprehensive C++ source-level editing

capabilities.

When you compile C or C++ programs, the compiler inserts a call at the beginning of main to a _

_main support subroutine. To avoid linking to the standard libraries, specify the -nostdlib option.

(Including -lgcc at the end of your compiler command line resolves this reference and links only

with the compiler support library libgcc.a; ending your command’s input with it ensures that you

get a chance to link ﬁrst with any of your own special libraries).

_ _main is the initialization routine for C++ constructors. Because GNU C is meant to interoperate

with GNU C++, even C programs must have this call; otherwise, C++ object ﬁles linked with a C

main might fail.

Compilation can involve up to four stages, always in the following order:

•preprocessing

•compiling

•assembling

•linking

The ﬁrst three stages apply to an individual source ﬁle: preprocessing establishes the type of source

code to process, compiling produces an object ﬁle, assembling establishes the syntax that the com-

piler expects for symbols, constants, expressions and the general directives. The last stage, linking,

completes the compilation process, combining all object ﬁles (newly compiled, and those speciﬁed as

input) into an executable ﬁle.

6 Chapter 2. Basic Principles of the Tools

For more information on the GNU compiler and its options, refer to Using the GNU Compiler Col-

lection (GCC).

2.5. cpp, the GNU Preprocessor

cpp is a C-compatible macro preprocessor that works with the GNU compiler to direct the parsing of

C preprocessor directives. Preprocessing directives are the lines in your program that start with a #

directive name (a #sign followed by an identiﬁer). For instance, cpp merges #include ﬁles, expands

macro deﬁnitions, and processes #ifdef sections. Another example is #define, a directive that

deﬁnes a macro (#define must be followed by a macro name and the macro’s intended expansion).

To refer to the output of cpp, invoke gcc with the -E option; the preprocessed ﬁle will print on

stdout

The C preprocessor provides the following separate facilities:

•Inclusion of header ﬁles — Declarations that can be substituted into your program.

•Macro expansion When deﬁning macros, which are abbreviations for arbitrary fragments of C code,

the C preprocessor replaces them with their deﬁnitions throughout a program.

•Conditional compilation — Using special preprocessing directives, include or exclude parts of a

program according to replaceableious conditions.

•Line control — Using a program to combine or rearrange source ﬁles into an intermediate ﬁle that

is then compiled, use line control to provide a source line’s origin.

There are two convenient options to assemble ﬁles that require C-style preprocessing. Both options

depend on using the compiler driver program, gcc, instead of directly calling the assembler.

•Name the source ﬁle using the extension .S (capitalized), rather than .s (the .S indicates an as-

sembly language program that requires C-style preprocessing).

•Specify a source language explicitly for a situation, using the -xassembler-with-cpp option.

For more information on cpp, refer to Using cpp, the C Preprocessor.

2.6. as, the GNU Assembler

as, the GNU assembler, translates text-based assembly language source ﬁles into binary-based object

ﬁles. Normally it operates without you being aware of it, as the compiler driver program (gcc) invokes

it automatically. However, if you are creating your own assembler source ﬁles, you must invoke as

directly.

If, while using gcc, you want to pass special command-line options to the assembler to control its be-

havior, you need to use the ‘-Wa,<text>’ command-line option. This option passes <text> directly

to the assembler’s command line. For example:

gcc -c -g -O -Wa,-alh,-L file.c

passes the -alh command line option on to the assembler. (This causes the assembler to emit a listing

ﬁle that shows the assembler source generated by the compiler for each line of the C source ﬁle

file.c).

For more information, refer to Using as, the Gnu Assembler.

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