Analog Devices SHARC ADSP-21065L Manuale utente

ADSP-21065L SHARC User’s Manual 1-1

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Figure 1-0.

Table 1-0.

Listing 1-0.

The ADSP-21065L SHARC is a high-performance, 32-bit digital signal

processor for communications, digital audio, and industrial instrumenta-

tion applications.

Along with a high-performance, 180 MFLOPS core, the ADSP-21065L

has a dual-ported, on-chip SRAM and integrated I/O peripherals sup-

ported by a dedicated I/O processor. With its on-chip instruction cache,

the processor can execute every instruction in a single cycle. The

ADSP-21065L is code-compatible with other members of the SHARC

family.

Four independent buses for dual data, instructions, and I/O, and cross-

bar-switch memory connections implement the ADSP-21065L’s Super

Harvard Architecture.

The ADSP-21065L provides these features:

• 32-Bit IEEE floating-point computation units—Multiplier, ALU,

and Shifter—that support 180 MFLOPS or 180, 32-bit fixed-point

MOPS.

• Data Register File.

• Data Address Generators (DAG1, DAG2).

• Program Sequencer with Instruction Cache.

• 544 Kbits of user-configurable, dual-ported SRAM.

• External port for glueless interface to SDRAM and other off-chip

memory and peripherals.

1-2 ADSP-21065L SHARC User’s Manual

• Host port and multiprocessor interface.

• DMA controller to support ten DMA channels.

• Serial ports with two receivers and two transmitters that support

TDM and I2S.

• Two programmable timers and twelve programmable, general-pur-

pose I/O ports.

• JTAG test access port.

Figure 1-1 shows the ADSP-21065L’s Super Harvard Architecture, which

consists of a crossbar bus switch connecting the DSP core’s numeric pro-

cessor to an independent I/O processor, dual-ported memory, and parallel

system bus port.

Figure 1-1. Super Harvard Architecture

Dual-Ported,

Multiaccess

Memory

Numeric

Processor

I/O Processor

DMA Controller

Parallel System

Bus Port

Crossbar Bus

Interconnect

ADSP-21065L SHARC User’s Manual 1-3

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Figure 1-2, a detailed block diagram of the processor, shows its architec-

tural features.

Figure 1-2. ADSP-21065L block diagram

Figure 1-2 also shows the ADSP-21065L’s on-chip buses: the PM (Pro-

gram Memory) bus, made up of the PMA (Program Memory Address) and

PMD (Program Memory Data) buses; the DM (Data Memory) bus, made

up of the DMA (Data Memory Address) and DMD (Data Memory Data)

buses; and the I/O bus, made up of the IOA (I/O Address) and IOD (I/O

Data) buses.

The PM bus can access either instructions or data. During a single cycle,

the processor can access two data operands, one over the PM bus and one

over the DM bus, access an instruction from the cache, and perform a

DMA transfer.

The ADSP-21065L’s external port provides the processor’s interface to

external memory, which is glueless to an SDRAM; memory-mapped I/O;

DATA

ADDR DATA

ADDR

BLOCK 1

NDEPENDENT

UAL

-P

ORTED

LOCKS

PROCESSOR

PORT I/O

PORT

ADDR DATA DATA

ADDR

BLOCK 0

IOP

Registers

Control,

Status, Timer,

Data Buffers

DMA

Controller

SPORT 0

SPORT 1

SDRAM Interface

HOST Port

Addr Bus

Mux

Data Bus

Mux

Multiprocessor

Interface

DAG1

8x4x32 DAG2

8x4x24 Program

Sequencer

Instruction

cache

32x48b

Bus

Connect

(PX)

Multiplier Barrel

Shifter ALU

Data

File

16x40b

PM Address Bus

DM Data Bus

PM Data Bus

DM Address Bus

JTAG

Test &

Emulation

IOD

48 IOA

17 24

(2 Rx, 2 Tx)

(I2S)

I/O Processor

DSP Core Dual-Ported SRAM

External Port

1-4 ADSP-21065L SHARC User’s Manual

a host processor; and another multiprocessing ADSP-21065L. The exter-

nal port performs internal and external bus arbitration and supplies

control signals to shared, global memory and I/O devices.

The documentation set, ADSP-21065L SHARC User’s Manual and

ADSP-21065L SHARC Technical Reference, contain ADSP-21065L archi-

tectural information and the processor’s instruction set, which developers

need to design and program ADSP-21065L-based systems. For timing,

electrical, and package specifications, see the processor’s data sheet.

ADSP-21065L SHARC User’s Manual 1-5

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The ADSP-21065L possesses the five central requirements for DSPs estab-

lished in the ADSP-2106x Family of 32-bit floating-point DSPs:

• Fast, flexible arithmetic computation units

• Unconstrained data flow to and from the computation units

• Extended precision and dynamic range in the computation units

• Dual address generators

• Efficient program sequencing

Fast, Flexible Arithmetic. The ADSP-21065L executes all instructions in

a single cycle. It provides fast cycle times, and, in addition to traditional

multiplication, addition, subtraction, and combined multiplication/addi-

tion, it also provides a complete set of arithmetic operations, including

Seed 1/X, Seed 1√X, Min, Max, Clip, Shift, and Rotate. The

ADSP-21065L is IEEE floating-point compatible and supports either

interrupt-on-arithmetic or latched-status exception handling.

Unconstrained Data Flow. The ADSP-21065L has an enhanced Super

Harvard architecture combined with a 10-port data register file. In every

cycle, the processor can:

• Read or write two operands to or from the Register File,

• Supply two operands to the ALU,

• Supply two operands to the multiplier, and

• Receive two results from the ALU and multiplier.

The processor’s 48-bit orthogonal instruction word supports fully parallel

data transfer and arithmetic operations in the same instruction.

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1-6 ADSP-21065L SHARC User’s Manual

40-Bit Extended Precision. The ADSP-21065L handles 32-bit IEEE

floating-point format, 32-bit integer and fractional formats (twos-comple-

ment and unsigned), and extended-precision, 40-bit IEEE floating-point

format. The processor carries extended precision throughout its computa-

tion units, limiting intermediate data truncation errors. When working

with data on-chip, the processor can transfer the extended-precision,

32-bit mantissa to and from all computation units. The fixed-point for-

mats have an 80-bit accumulator for true 32-bit fixed-point computations.

Dual Address Generators. The ADSP-21065L has two data address gener-

ators (DAGs) that provide immediate or indirect (pre- and postmodify)

addressing. It supports modulus and bit-reverse operations with no con-

straints on data buffer placement.

Efficient Program Sequencing. In addition to zero-overhead loops, the

ADSP-21065L supports single-cycle setup and exit for loops. Loops are

both nestable (six levels in hardware) and interruptible. The processors

support both delayed and non-delayed branches.

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The ADSP-21065L includes several enhancements that simplify system

development. The enhancements occur in three key areas:

• Architectural features supporting high-level languages and operat-

ing systems.

• IEEE 1149.1 JTAG serial scan path and on-chip emulation features.

• Support of IEEE floating-point formats.

ADSP-21065L SHARC User’s Manual 1-7

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High Level Languages. The ADSP-21065L’s architecture has several fea-

tures that directly support high-level language compilers and operating

systems:

• General purpose data and address register files.

• 32-bit native data types.

• Large address space.

• Pre- and postmodify addressing.

• Unconstrained circular data buffer placement.

• On-chip program, loop, and interrupt stacks.

Additionally, the ADSP-21065L architecture is designed specifically to

support ANSI-standard Numerical C extensions—the first compiled lan-

guage to support vector data types and operators for numeric and signal

processing.

Serial Scan and Emulation Features. The ADSP-21065L supports the

IEEE standard P1149.1 Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) standard for

system test. This standard defines a method for serially scanning the I/O

status of each component in a system. The ADSP-21065L EZ-ICE

in-circuit emulator also uses the JTAG serial port to access the processor’s

on-chip emulation features.

IEEE Formats. The ADSP-21065L supports IEEE floating-point data for-

mats. This means that algorithms developed on IEEE-compatible

processors and workstations are portable across processors without con-

cern for possible instability introduced by biased rounding or inconsistent

error handling.

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1-8 ADSP-21065L SHARC User’s Manual

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A digital signal processor’s data format determines its ability to handle sig-

nals of differing precision, dynamic range, and signal-to-noise ratios.

However, ease-of-use and time-to-market considerations are often equally

important.

Precision. The number of bits of precision of A/D converters has contin-

ued to increase, and the trend is for both precision and sampling rates to

increase.

Dynamic Range. Compression and decompression algorithms have tradi-

tionally operated on signals of known bandwidth. These algorithms were

developed to behave regularly, to keep costs down and implementations

easy. Increasingly, however, the trend in algorithm development is to

unconstrain the regularity and dynamic range of intermediate results.

Adaptive filtering and imaging are two applications that require a wide

dynamic range.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio. Audio, video, imaging, and speech recognition

require wide dynamic range to discern selected signals occurring in noisy

environments.

Ease-of-Use. In general, 32-bit, floating-point DSPs are easier to use and

enable a quicker time-to-market than 16-bit, fixed-point processors. The

extent to which this is true depends on the floating-point processor’s

architecture. Consistency with IEEE workstation simulations and the

elimination of scaling are two clear ease-of-use advantages. High-level lan-

guage programmability, large address spaces, and wide dynamic range

enable system development time to focus on algorithms and signal pro-

cessing concerns, rather than assembly language coding, code paging, and

error handling.

ADSP-21065L SHARC User’s Manual 1-9

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The rest of this chapter summarizes the architectural features of the

ADSP-21065L SHARC:

• DSP core

• Dual-ported memory

• External port interface

• Host processor interface

• I/O Processor

• Serial ports

• DMA controller

• Booting

• Development tools

The remaining chapters of this manual describe these features in detail.

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The ADSP-21065L’s DSP core consists of:

• Three computation units

• A data Register File

• A Program Sequencer and two Data Address Generators

• An Instruction Cache

• DSP core buses

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1-10 ADSP-21065L SHARC User’s Manual

• Two programmable timers and twelve general-purpose

I/Os

• Four external hardware interrupts

These additional features support and enhance the DSP core’s

components:

• Context switching

• Comprehensive instruction set

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The DSP core contains three independent computation units:

• ALU

Performs a standard set of arithmetic and logic operations in both

fixed-point and floating-point formats.

• Multiplier with a fixed-point accumulator

Performs floating-point and fixed-point multiplication, and

fixed-point multiply/add and multiply/subtract operations.

•Shifter

Performs logical and arithmetic shifts, bit manipulation, field

deposit and extraction, and exponent derivation operations on

32-bit operands.

For meeting a wide variety of processing needs, the computation units

process data in three formats

• 32-bit, fixed-point

• 32-bit, floating-point

• 40-bit, floating-point

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