Casio CFX-9970G Istruzioni operative

Programming

21-1 Before Programming

21-2 Programming Examples

21-3 Debugging a Program

21-4 Calculating the Number of Bytes Used by a Program

21-5 Secret Function

21-6 Searching for a File

21-7 Searching for Data Inside a Program

21-8 Editing File Names and Program Contents

21-9 Deleting a Program

21-10 Useful Program Commands

21-11 Command Reference

21-12 Text Display

21-13 Using Calculator Functions in Programs

Chapter

366

21-1 Before Programming

The programming function helps to make complex, often-repeated calculations

quick and easy. Commands and calculations are executed sequentially, just like

the manual calculation multistatements. Multiple programs can be stored under file

names for easy recall and editing.

Select the PRGM icon in the Main Menu and enter the PRGM Mode. When you

do, a program list appears on the display.

Selected memory area

(use

and

to move)

•{EXE}/{EDIT} ... program {execute}/{edit}

•{NEW} ... {new program}

P.382 •{DEL}/{DEL·A} ... {specific program}/{all program} delete

P.376 •{SRC}/{REN} ... file name {search}/{change}

• If there are not programs stored in memory when you enter the PRGM Mode,

the message “No Programs” appears on the display and only the NEW item

(3) is shown in the function menu.

The values to the right of the program list indicate the number of bytes used up

by each program.

File Name

Program

File Name

Program

File Name

Program

367

21-2 Programming Examples

Example 1 To calculate the surface area and volume of three regular

octahedrons of the dimensions shown in the table below

Store the calculation formula under the file name OCTA.

Length of One Side (A) Surface Area (S) Volume (V)

7 cm cm2cm3

10 cm cm2cm3

15 cm cm2cm3

The following are the formulas used for calculating surface area S and volume V

of a regular octahedron for which the length of one side is known.

S = 2 3 A2, V = –––– A3

When inputting a new formula, you first register the file name and then input the

actual program.

uTo register a file name

Example To register the file name OCTA

• Note that a file name can be up to eight characters long.

1. Display the program list menu and press 3(NEW) to display a menu, which

contains the following items.

•{RUN}/{BASE} ... {general calculation}/{number base} program input

P.374 •{

Q} ... {password registration}

•{SYBL} ... {symbol menu}

2. Input the name of the file.

OCTA

• The cursor changes form to indicate alpha character input.

• The following are the characters you can use in a file name:

A through Z, r,

, spaces, [, ], {, }, ’, ”, ~, 0 through 9, ., +, –, ×, ÷

• Note, however, that vand .cannot be input for the name of a program

that contains binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal calculations.

368

• Use 1(RUN) to input a program for general calculations (a program to be

executed in the COMP Mode). For programs that involve number system

specifications, use 2(BASE). Note that programs input after pressing 2

(BASE) are indicated by Bto the right of the file name.

• Pressing 6(SYBL) displays a menu of symbols ( ’, ”, ~ ) that can be input.

• You can delete a character while inputting a file name by moving the cursor to

the character you want to delete and pressing D.

3. Press wto register the file name and change to the program input screen.

File name

• Registering a file name uses 17 bytes of memory.

• The file name input screen remains on the display if you press wwithout

inputting a file name.

• To exit the file name input screen and return to the program list without

registering a file name, press J.

• When you register the name of a program that contains binary, octal, decimal,

or hexadecimal calculations, the indicator Bis appended to the right of the file

name.

uTo input a program

The following items are included in the function menu of the program input screen,

which is used for program input.

P.379 •{TOP}/{BTM} ... {top}/{bottom} of program

P.378 • {SRC} ... {search}

• {MENU} ... {mode menu}

• {SYBL} ... {symbol menu}

uTo change modes in a program

• Pressing 4(MENU) while the program input screen is on the display causes

a mode change menu to appear. You can use this menu to input mode

changes into your programs.

•{STAT}/{MAT}/{LIST}/{GRPH}/{DYNA}/{TABL}/{RECR}

For details on each of these modes, see “To select an icon”, as well as the

sections of this manual that describe what you can do in each mode.

• The following menu appears whenever you press 4(MENU) while inputting a

program that involves number base specifications.

•{d ~ o}/{LOG}

21 - 2 Programming Examples

P.3

369

• Pressing 6(SYBL) displays a menu of symbols ( ’, ”, ~, *, /, # ) that can be

input into a program.

• Pressing !Zdisplays a menu of commands that can be used to change

set up screen settings inside a program.

•{ANGL}/{COOR}/{GRID}/{AXES}/{LABL}/{DISP}/{P/L}/{DRAW}/{DERV}/

{BACK}/{FUNC}/{SIML}/{S-WIN}/{LIST}/{LOCS}/{T-VAR}/{ΣDSP}/{RESID}

P.5 For details on each of these commands, see “Set Up Screen Function Key

Menus”.

The following function key menu appears if you press !Z while inputting a

program that contains binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal calculation.

•{Dec}/{Hex}/{Bin}/{Oct}

Actual program contents are identical to manual calculations. The following shows

how the calculation of the surface area and volume of a regular octahedron would

be calculated using a manual calculation.

Surface Area S .. c*!9d* <value of A> xw

Volume V ........... !9c/d* <value ofA> Mdw

You could also perform this calculation by assigning the value for the length of one

side to variable A.

Length of One Side A

............ <value of A> aaAw

Surface Area S .. c*!9d*aAxw

Volume V ........... !9c/d*aAMdw

If you simply input the manual calculations shown above however, the calculator

would execute them from beginning to end, without stopping. The following

commands make it possible to interrupt a calculation for input of values and

display of intermediate results.

?:This command pauses program execution and displays a question mark as a

prompt for input of a value to assign to a variable. The syntax for this com-

mand is: ? →<variable name>.

^:This command pauses program execution and displays the last calculation

result obtained or text. It is similar to pressing win a manual calculation.

P.383 • For full details on using these and other commands, see “Useful Program

Commands”.

Programming Examples 21- 2

370

The following shows examples of how to actually use the ? and ^commands.

!W4(?)aaA6(g)5(:)

c*!9d*aAx

6(g)5(^)

!9c/d*aAMd

!Q or JJ

uTo run a program

1. While the program list is on the display, use fand cto highlight the name

of the program you want to run.

2. Press 1(EXE) or wto run the program.

Let’s try running the program we input above.

Length of One Side (A) Surface Area (S) Volume (V)

7 cm 169.7409791 cm

161.6917506 cm

10 cm 346.4101615 cm

471.4045208 cm

15 cm 779.4228634 cm

1590.990258 cm

1(EXE) or w

(Value ofA)

Intermediate result produced by

baw

21- 2 Programming Examples

371

··

• Pressing wwhile the program’s final result is on the display re-executes the

program.

P.392 • You can also run a program while in the RUN Mode by inputting:

Prog ”<file name>” w.

• An error occurs if the program specified by Prog ”<file name>” cannot be

found.

Programming Examples 21- 2

372

21-3 Debugging a Program

A problem in a program that keeps the program from running correctly is called a

“bug,” and the process of eliminating such problems is called “debugging.” Either

of the following symptoms indicates that your program contains bugs and that

debugging is required.

• Error messages appearing when the program is run

• Results that are not within your expectations

uTo eliminate bugs that cause error messages

An error message, like the one shown below, appears whenever something illegal

occurs during program execution.

When such a message appears, press dor eto display the location where the

P.450 error was generated, along with the cursor. Check the “Error Message Table” for

steps you should take to correct the situation.

P.374 • Note that pressing dor ewill not display the location of the error if the

program is password protected.

uTo eliminate bugs that cause bad results

If your program produces results that are not what you normally expect, check the

P.379 contents of the program and make necessary changes. See “Editing File Names

and Program Contents” for details on how to change program contents.

373

21-4 Calculating the Number of Bytes Used by a

Program

This unit comes with 60 kbytes of memory. Abyte is a unit of memory that can be

used for storage of data.

There are two types of commands: 1-byte commands and 2-byte commands.

• Examples of 1-byte commands: sin, cos, tan, log, (, ),A, B, C, 1, 2, etc.

• Examples of 2-byte commands: Lbl 1, Goto 2, etc.

While the cursor is located inside of a program, each press of dor ecauses

the cursor to move one byte.

• You can check how much memory has been used and how much remains at

any time by selecting the SYS Mode and entering the memory status screen.

See “Memory Status” for details.

P.24

374

21-5 Secret Function

When inputting a program, you can protect it with a password that limits access to

the program contents to those who know the password. Password protected

programs can be executed by anyone without inputting the password.

uTo register a password

Example To create a program file under the name AREA and protect it

with the password CASIO

1. While the program list is on the display, press 3(NEW) and input the file

name of the new program file.

3(NEW)

AREA

2. Press 5(Q) and then input the password.

5(Q)

CASIO

P.367 • The password input procedure is identical to that used for file name input.

3. Press wto register the file name and password. Now you can input the

contents of the program file.

• Registration of a password uses 16 bytes of memory.

• Pressing wwithout inputting a password registers the file name only, without

a password.

4. After inputting the program, press !Qto exit the program file and return

to the program list. Files that are password protected are indicated by an

asterisk to the right of the file name.

uTo recall a program

Example To recall the file named AREA which is protected by the

password CASIO

1. In the program list, use fand cto move the highlighting to the name of the

program you want to recall.

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