MACROMEDIA COLDFUSION MX-CLUSTERCATS Istruzioni per il montaggio

macromedia®

Using ClusterCATS

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Apple Disclaimer

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Part Number ZCL2M100

Acknowledgments

Project Management: Stephen M. Gilson

Writing: Stephen M. GIlson

Editing: Linda Adler and Noreen Maher

First Edition: May 2002

Macromedia, Inc.

600 Townsend St.

San Francisco, CA 94103

CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS BOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII

Developer resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

About Macromedia documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Viewing online documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Contacting Macromedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x

CHAPTER 1 Before You Begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

ClusterCATS overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

ClusterCATS capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Detailed overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

ClusterCATS product configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

ClusterCATS components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

System requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

ClusterCATS Server system requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

ClusterCATS Explorer and Web Explorer system requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

CHAPTER 2 Scalability and Availability Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

What is scalability?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Load management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Successful scalability implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Designing and coding scalable applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Avoiding common bottlenecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

DNS effects on website performance and availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Load testing your web applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

What is website availability?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Availability and reliability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Common failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Website availability scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Failover considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Creating scalable and highly available sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

What is clustering? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Hardware-based clustering solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Software-based clustering solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Combining hardware and software clustering solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

iv Contents

CHAPTER 3 Installing ClusterCATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Before you install . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Upgrading from a previous version of ClusterCATS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Configuring DNS servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Configuring server failover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Using ClusterCATS dynamic IP addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Configuring firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Analyzing web server content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Considering domain controllers (Windows NT only). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Installing ClusterCATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Installing ClusterCATS on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Installing ClusterCATS on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

After you install . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

CHAPTER 4 Configuring Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Introduction to ClusterCATS Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

ClusterCATS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

ClusterCATS Explorer (Windows only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

ClusterCATS Web Explorer (UNIX only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

ClusterCATS Server Administrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

btadmin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

Creating clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

Creating clusters in Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

Creating clusters in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Removing clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Adding cluster members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Adding cluster members in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Adding cluster members in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

Removing cluster members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Removing cluster members in Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Removing cluster members in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Server load thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Configuring load thresholds in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Configuring load thresholds on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Session-aware load balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Enabling session-aware load balancing on Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Enabling session-aware load balancing on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Persistent session failover in JRun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Session swapping overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Configuring JRun for session swapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Configuring ClusterCATS for session swapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Using shared files for session swapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Using JDBC for session swapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

Using ColdFusion probes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

Configuring ColdFusion probes in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

Configuring ColdFusion probes in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Using JRun probes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

Configuring JRun probes in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

Configuring JRun probes in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

C o n t e n t s v

Load-balancing devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

Using Cisco LocalDirector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

Using third-party load-balancing devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95

Administrator alarm notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Configuring administrator alarm notifications on Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Configuring administrator alarm notifications on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

Administrator e-mail options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

Configuring administration e-mail options on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

Configuring administration e-mail options on UNIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

Administering security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

Configuring authentication on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

Configuring authentication on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

CHAPTER 5 Maintaining Cluster Members. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Understanding ClusterCATS server modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Changing active/passive settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Changing active/passive settings in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Changing active/passive settings in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

Changing restricted/unrestricted settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

Restricting/unrestricting servers in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

Restricting/unrestricting servers in UNIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

Using maintenance mode (Windows only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

Updating a cluster member (Windows only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

Resetting cluster members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

Resetting cluster members on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

Resetting cluster members on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

CHAPTER 6 ClusterCATS Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

Using btadmin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Using btadmin on Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Using btadmin on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Using bt-start-server and bt-stop-server (UNIX only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

Using btcfgchk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

Sample output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

btcfgchk DNS errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

Using hostinfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Sample output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Using sniff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Sample output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

vi Contents

CHAPTER 7 Optimizing ClusterCATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

ClusterCATS dynamic IP addressing (Windows only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Understanding static and dynamic IP address configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Benefits of ClusterCATS dynamic IP addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Setting up maintenance IP addresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Enabling ClusterCATS dynamic IP addressing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

Using server failover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

Static versus ClusterCATS dynamic IP addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

Windows domain controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

Configuring load-balancing metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Overview of metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Load types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

Output variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

Troubleshooting the load-balancing metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

vii

ABOUT THIS BOOK

Using ClusterCATS describes how to use ClusterCATS, the clustering technology that

provides load-balancing and failover services to assure high availability for your web

servers.

Contents

•Developer resources .............................................................................................. viii

•About Macromedia documentation ........................................................................ ix

•Contacting Macromedia.......................................................................................... x

viii About This Book

Developer resources

Macromedia, Inc. is committed to setting the standard for customer support in developer

education, documentation, technical support, and professional services. The

Macromedia website is designed to give you quick access to the entire range of online

resources. The following table shows the locations of these resources.

Resource Description URL

Macromedia

website

General information about Macromedia

products and services

http://www.macromedia.com

Information on

ColdFusion

Detailed product information on

ColdFusion and related topics

http://www.macromedia.com/coldfusion

Macromedia

ColdFusion

Support Center

Professional support programs that

Macromedia offers

http://www.macromedia.com/support/

coldfusion

ColdFusion

Online Forums

Access to experienced ColdFusion

developers through participation in the

Online Forums, where you can post

messages and read replies on many

subjects relating to ColdFusion

http://webforums.macromedia.com/

coldfusion/

Information on

JRun

Detailed product information on JRun and

Manuali Software popolari di altre marche

COMPRO

COMPRO COMPROFM Manuale utente

Muratec

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