MACROMEDIA FLASH 8-LEARNING ACTIONSCRIPT 2.0 IN FLASH Manuale utente

Learning ActionScript 2.0 in Flash

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Acknowledgments

Project Management: Sheila McGinn

Writing: Jen deHaan; Peter deHaan, Joey Lott

Managing Editor: Rosana Francescato

Lead Editor: Lisa Stanziano

Editing: Linda Adler, Geta Carlson, Evelyn Eldridge, John Hammett, Mary Kraemer, Noreen Maher, Jessie Wood, Anne Szabla

Production Management: Patrice O’Neill, Kristin Conradi, Yuko Yagi

Media Design and Production: Adam Barnett, Aaron Begley, Paul Benkman. John Francis, Geeta Karmarkar, Masayo Noda,

Paul Rangel, Arena Reed, Mario Reynoso

Special thanks to Jody Bleyle, Mary Burger, Lisa Friendly, Stephanie Gowin, Bonnie Loo, Mary Ann Walsh, Erick Vera, the beta

testers, and the entire Flash and Flash Player engineering and QA teams.

First Edition: September 2005

Macromedia, Inc.

601 Townsend St.

San Francisco, CA 94103

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Intended audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

System requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Updating Flash XML files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

About the documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Additional resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Chapter 1: What’s New in Flash 8 ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

New in ActionScript 2.0 and Flash 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Changes to security model for locally installed SWF files. . . . . . . . . . 28

Chapter 2: Writing and Editing ActionScript 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

About ActionScript and events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Organizing ActionScript code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Using the Actions panel and Script window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

About the Actions panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

About the Script window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

About coding in the Actions panel and Script window. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

About Actions panel features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

About behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

About ActionScript publish settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Chapter 3: About ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

What is ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

About choosing between ActionScript 1.0 and ActionScript 2.0 . . . 69

Understanding ActionScript and Flash Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Chapter 4: Data and Data Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

About data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

About data types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

About variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Organizing data in objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

About casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

4Contents

Chapter 5: Syntax and Language Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

About syntax, statements, and expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

About dot syntax and target paths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

About language punctuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

About constants and keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

About statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

About arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

About operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Chapter 6: Functions and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

About functions and methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Understanding methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222

Chapter 7: Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

About object-oriented programming and Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226

Writing custom class files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235

About working with custom classes in an application . . . . . . . . . . . . .238

Example: Writing custom classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263

Example: Using custom class files in Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276

Assigning a class to symbols in Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279

Compiling and exporting classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Understanding classes and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283

About top-level and built-in classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286

About working with built-in classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296

Chapter 8: Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

About inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

About writing subclasses in Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Using polymorphism in an application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Chapter 9: Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

About interfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Creating interfaces as data types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Understanding inheritance and interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Example: Using interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Example: Creating a complex interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323

Contents 5

Chapter 10: Handling Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Using event handler methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Using event listeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Using event listeners with components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Using button and movie clip event handlers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Broadcasting events from component instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Creating movie clips with button states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Event handler scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Scope of the this keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Using the Delegate class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Chapter 11: Working with Movie Clips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

About controlling movie clips with ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Calling multiple methods on a single movie clip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Loading and unloading SWF files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Changing movie clip position and appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Dragging movie clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Creating movie clips at runtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Adding parameters to dynamically created movie clips. . . . . . . . . . . 364

Managing movie clip depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

About caching and scrolling movie clips with ActionScript . . . . . . . 369

Using movie clips as masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

Handling movie clip events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Assigning a class to a movie clip symbol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Initializing class properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Chapter 12: Working with Text and Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

About text fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

About loading text and variables into text fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

Using fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

About font rendering and anti-alias text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

About text layout and formatting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414

Formatting text with Cascading Style Sheet styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421

Using HTML-formatted text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Example: Creating scrolling text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

About strings and the String class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

6Contents

Chapter 13: Animation, Filters, and Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Scripting animation with ActionScript 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470

About bitmap caching, scrolling, and performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

About the Tween and TransitionManager classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Using filter effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

Working with filters using ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

Manipulating filter effects with code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

Creating bitmaps with the BitmapData class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534

About blending modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .537

About operation order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

Drawing with ActionScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

Understanding scaling and slice guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556

Chapter 14: Creating Interaction with ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . 561

About events and interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562

Controlling SWF file playback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562

Creating interactivity and visual effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566

Creating runtime data bindings using ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579

Deconstructing a sample script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588

Chapter 15: Working with Images, Sound, and Video . . . . . . . . 591

About loading and working with external media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

Loading external SWF and image files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

About loading and using external MP3 files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .598

Assigning linkage to assets in the library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

About using FLV video. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

About creating progress animations for media files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .624

Chapter 16: Working with External Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Sending and loading variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634

Using HTTP to connect to server-side scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .638

About file uploading and downloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

About XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652

Sending messages to and from Flash Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .663

About the External API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .667

Chapter 17: Understanding Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677

About compatibility with previous Flash Player security models . . . 677

About local file security and Flash Player. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .679

About domains, cross-domain security, and SWF files . . . . . . . . . . 694

Server-side policy files for permitting access to data . . . . . . . . . . . . .702

HTTP to HTTPS protocol access between SWF files . . . . . . . . . . . . 707

Contents 7

Chapter 18: Debugging Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Debugging your scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Using the Output panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

Chapter 19: Best Practices and Coding Conventions for

ActionScript 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

Naming conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732

Using comments in your code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742

ActionScript coding conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

ActionScript and Flash Player optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

Formatting ActionScript syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Appendix A: Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .773

Appendix B: Deprecated Flash 4 operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779

Appendix C: Keyboard Keys and Key Code Values . . . . . . . . . . 781

Appendix D: Writing Scripts for

Earlier Versions of Flash Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787

About targeting earlier versions of Flash Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787

Using Flash 8 to create content for Flash Player 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788

Appendix E: Object-Oriented Programming with

ActionScript 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

About ActionScript 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792

Creating a custom object in ActionScript 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794

Assigning methods to a custom object in ActionScript 1.0. . . . . . . . 795

Defining event handler methods in ActionScript 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796

Creating inheritance in ActionScript 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798

Adding getter/setter properties to objects in ActionScript 1.0. . . . . 800

Using Function object properties in ActionScript 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801

Appendix F: Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

8Contents

Introduction

Macromedia Flash Basic 8 and Macromedia Flash Professional 8 are the professional standard

authoring tools for producing high-impact web experiences. ActionScript is the language you

use to add interactivity to Flash applications, whether your applications are simple animated

SWF files or more complex rich Internet applications. You don’t have to use ActionScript to

use Flash, but if you want to provide basic or complex user interactivity, work with objects

other than those built into Flash (such as buttons and movie clips), or otherwise turn a SWF

file into a more robust user experience, you’ll probably want to use ActionScript.

For more information, see the following topics:

Intended audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Updating Flash XML files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

System requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

About the documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Additional resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Intended audience

This manual assumes that you have already installed Flash Basic 8 or Flash Professional 8 and

know how to use the user interface.You should know how to place objects on the Stage and

manipulate them in the Flash authoring environment. If you have used a scripting language

before, ActionScript will seem familiar. But if you’re new to programming, ActionScript basics

are easy to learn. You can start with simple commands and build more complexity as you

progress. You can add a lot of interactivity to your files without having to learn (or write) a lot

of code.

10 Introduction

System requirements

ActionScript 2.0 does not have any system requirements in addition to Flash 8.

This manual assumes that you are using the default publishing settings for your Flash files:

Flash Player 8 and ActionScript 2.0. If you change either of these settings, explanations and

code samples in the documentation might not work correctly. If you develop applications for

earlier versions of Flash Player, see Appendix D, “Writing Scripts for Earlier Versions of Flash

Player,” on page 787.

Updating Flash XML files

It is important that you always have the latest Flash XML files installed. Macromedia

sometimes introduces features in dot releases (minor releases) of Flash Player. When such a

release is available, you should update your version of Flash to get the latest XML files.

Otherwise, the Flash 8 compiler might generate errors if you use new properties or methods

that were unavailable in the version of Flash Player that came with your Flash installation.

For example, Flash Player 7 (7.0.19.0) contained a new method for the System object,

System.security.loadPolicyFile. To access this method, you must use the Player

Updater installer to update all the Flash players that are installed with Flash. Otherwise, the

Flash compiler displays errors.

Remember that you can install a Player Updater that is one or more major versions ahead of

your version of Flash. By doing this, you will get the XML files that you need but shouldn’t

have any compiler errors when you publish to older versions of Flash Player. Sometimes new

methods or properties are available to older versions, and having the latest XML files

minimizes the compiler errors you get when you try to access older methods or properties.

About the documentation

This manual provides an overview of ActionScript syntax and information on how to use

ActionScript when working with different types of objects. For details on the syntax and usage

of every language element, see the ActionScript 2.0 Language Reference.

For more information, see the following topics:

■“Learning ActionScript 2.0 book overview” on page 11

■“About the sample files” on page 14

■“Terms used in this document” on page 13

■“Copy and paste code” on page 13

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