MACROMEDIA DIRECTOR MX 2004-USING DIRECTOR Istruzioni per il montaggio

Using ActionScript in Flash

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Acknowledgments

Director: Erick Vera

Project Management: Julee Burdekin, Erick Vera

Writing: Jay Armstrong, Jody Bleyle, Mary Burger, Francis Cheng, Jen deHaan, Stephanie Gowin, Phillip Heinz, Shimul Rahim,

Samuel R. Neff

Managing Editor: Rosana Francescato

Editing: Linda Adler, Mary Ferguson, Mary Kraemer, Noreen Maher, Antonio Padial, Lisa Stanziano, Anne Szabla

Production Management: Patrice O’Neill

Media Design and Production: Adam Barnett, Christopher Basmajian, Aaron Begley, John Francis

Second Edition: June 2004

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION: Getting Started with ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Intended audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

System requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Using the documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Typographical conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Terms used in this document. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Additional resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

CHAPTER 1: What’s New in Flash MX 2004 ActionScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Updating Flash XML files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

New and changed language elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

New security model and legacy SWF files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Porting existing scripts to Flash Player 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

ActionScript editor changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Debugging changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

New object-oriented programming model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

CHAPTER 2: ActionScript Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Differences between ActionScript and JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

About data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Assigning data types to elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

About variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Using operators to manipulate values in expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Specifying an object’s path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Using condition statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Using built-in functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Creating functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

CHAPTER 3: Using Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Working with FLA files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

General coding conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

ActionScript coding standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Using classes and ActionScript 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

4 Contents

Behaviors conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Screens conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Video conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Performance and Flash Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Guidelines for Flash applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Projects and version control guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Guidelines for accessibility in Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Advertising with Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

CHAPTER 4: Writing and Debugging Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Controlling when ActionScript runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Using the Actions panel and Script window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Using the ActionScript editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Unicode support for ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Debugging your scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Using the Output panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Updating Flash Player for testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

CHAPTER 5: Handling Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Using event handler methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Using event listeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Using button and movie clip event handlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Broadcasting events from component instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Creating movie clips with button states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Event handler scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Scope of the this keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

CHAPTER 6: Creating Interaction with ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

About events and interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Controlling SWF file playback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Creating interactivity and visual effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Deconstructing a sample script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

CHAPTER 7: Using the Built-In Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

About classes and instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Overview of built-in classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

CHAPTER 8: Working with Movie Clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

About controlling movie clips with ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Calling multiple methods on a single movie clip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Loading and unloading additional SWF files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Specifying a root Timeline for loaded SWF files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Loading JPEG files into movie clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Changing movie clip position and appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Dragging movie clips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Creating movie clips at runtime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Contents 5

Adding parameters to dynamically created movie clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Managing movie clip depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Drawing shapes with ActionScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Using movie clips as masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

About masking device fonts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Handling movie clip events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Assigning a class to a movie clip symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Initializing class properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

CHAPTER 9: Working with Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Using the TextField class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Creating text fields at runtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Using the TextFormat class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Formatting text with Cascading Style Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Using HTML-formatted text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Creating scrolling text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

CHAPTER 10: Creating Custom Classes with ActionScript 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Principles of object-oriented programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Using classes: a simple example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Creating and using classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Creating dynamic classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Using packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Creating and using interfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Instance and class members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Implicit getter/setter methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Understanding the classpath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Importing classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Compiling and exporting classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Excluding classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

CHAPTER 11: Working with External Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Sending and loading variables to and from a remote source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Sending messages to and from Flash Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Flash Player security features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

CHAPTER 12: Working with External Media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Overview of loading external media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Loading external SWF and JPEG files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Loading external MP3 files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Reading ID3 tags in MP3 files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Playing back external FLV files dynamically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Preloading external media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

6 Contents

APPENDIX A: Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

APPENDIX B: Deprecated Flash 4 operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

APPENDIX C: Keyboard Keys and Key Code Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Keys on the numeric keypad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Function keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Other keys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

APPENDIX D: Writing Scripts for Earlier Versions of Flash Player. . . . . . . . . . . 319

About targeting older versions of Flash Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Using Flash MX 2004 to create content for Flash Player 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

APPENDIX E: Object-Oriented Programming with ActionScript 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 323

About ActionScript 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

INTRODUCTION

Getting Started with ActionScript

Macromedia Flash MX 2004 and Macromedia Flash MX Professional 2004 are the professional

standard authoring tools for producing high-impact web experiences. ActionScript is the language

you use to add interactivity to a Flash applications, whether your applications are simple animated

movies or more complex rich Internet applications. You don’t have to use ActionScript to use

Flash, but if you want to provide basic or complex user interactivity, work with objects other than

those built into Flash (such as buttons and movie clips), or otherwise turn a SWF file into a more

robust user experience, you’ll probably want to use ActionScript.

Intended audience

This manual assumes that you have already installed Flash MX 2004 or Flash MX Professional

2004 and know how to use it. You should know how to place objects on the Stage and manipulate

them in the Flash authoring environment. If you have written programs before, ActionScript will

seem familiar. But if you’re new to programming, ActionScript isn’t hard to learn. It’s easy to start

with simple commands and build more complexity as you progress.

System requirements

ActionScript does not have any system requirements in addition to Flash MX 2004 or Flash MX

Professional 2004. To use ActionScript 2.0, you must use Flash MX 2004.

The documentation assumes that you are using the default publishing settings for your Flash files:

Flash Player 7 and ActionScript 2.0. If you change either of these settings, explanations and code

samples shown in the documentation may not work correctly. If you develop applications for

earlier versions of Flash Player, see “Porting existing scripts to Flash Player 7” on page 13 or

Appendix D, “Writing Scripts for Earlier Versions of Flash Player,” on page 319.

Using the documentation

This manual provides an overview of ActionScript syntax, information on how to use

ActionScript when working with different types of objects, and details on the syntax and usage of

every language element. The following list summarizes the contents of this manual.

8 Introduction: Getting Started with ActionScript

•Chapter 1, “What’s New in Flash MX 2004 ActionScript,” on page 11 describes features that

are new in ActionScript, changes to the compiler and debugger, and the new programming

model for the ActionScript 2.0 language.

•Chapter 2, “ActionScript Basics,” on page 23 describes the terminology and basic concepts

used in the rest of the manual.

•Chapter 3, “Using Best Practices,” on page 65 helps explain the best practices for using Flash

and writing ActionScript.

•Chapter 4, “Writing and Debugging Scripts,” on page 139 describes the ActionScript editor

and debugger within Flash that makes it easier to write code.

•Chapter 5, “Handling Events,” on page 167 discusses a few different ways to handle events:

event handler methods, event listeners, and button and movie clip event handlers.

•Chapter 6, “Creating Interaction with ActionScript,” on page 179 describes some simple ways

in which you can create more interactive applications, including controlling when SWF files

play, creating custom pointers, and creating sound controls.

•Chapter 7, “Using the Built-In Classes,” on page 197 lists the built-in classes in ActionScript

and provides a brief overview of how you use them to access powerful features in ActionScript.

•Chapter 8, “Working with Movie Clips,” on page 205 describes movie clips and the

ActionScript you can use to control them.

•Chapter 9, “Working with Text,” on page 221 describes the different ways you can control text

in Flash and include information on text formatting.

•Chapter 10, “Creating Custom Classes with ActionScript 2.0,” on page 247 describes how to

create custom classes and objects for manipulating data in your applications.

•Chapter 11, “Working with External Data,” on page 275 describes how to process data from

external sources using server- or client-side scripts in your applications.

•Chapter 12, “Working with External Media,” on page 295 describes how to import external

media files such as JPEG, MP3, and other SWF files in your Flash applications.

•Appendix A, “Error Messages,” on page 305 contains a list of error messages that the Flash

compiler can generate.

•Appendix B, “Deprecated Flash 4 operators,” on page 311 lists all the ActionScript operators

and their associativity.

•Appendix C, “Keyboard Keys and Key Code Values,” on page 313 lists all the keys on a

standard keyboard and the corresponding ASCII key code values that are used to identify the

keys in ActionScript.

•Appendix D, “Writing Scripts for Earlier Versions of Flash Player,” on page 319 provides

guidelines to help you write scripts that are syntactically correct for the player version you are

targeting.

•Appendix E, “Object-Oriented Programming with ActionScript 1” provides information on

using the ActionScript 1 object model to write scripts.

This manual explains how to use the ActionScript language. For information on the language

elements themselves, see ActionScript Language Reference Help.

Additional resources 9

Before writing your own scripts, you should complete the lessons “Write Scripts with

ActionScript” and “Create a Form with Conditional Logic and Send Data,” which provide a

hands-on introduction to working with ActionScript. To find these lessons, select Help >

How Do I > Quick Tasks.

When you find information about a certain command you want to use, you can look up its entry

in ActionScript Language Reference Help.

When you find information about a certain command you want to use, you can look up its entry

in Flash ActionScript Language Reference.

Typographical conventions

The following typographical conventions are used in this manual:

•Code font indicates ActionScript code.

•Code font italic indicates an element, such as an ActionScript parameter or object name,

that you replace with your own text when writing a script.

Terms used in this document

The following terms are used in this manual:

•You refers to the developer who is writing a script or application.

•The user refers to the person who is running your scripts and applications.

•Compile time is the time at which you publish, export, test, or debug your document.

•Runtime is the time at which your script is running in Flash Player.

ActionScript terms such as method and object are defined in Chapter 2, “ActionScript Basics,” on

page 23.

Additional resources

Specific documentation about Flash and related products is available separately.

•For information about the elements that comprise the ActionScript language, see ActionScript

Language Reference Help.

•For information about working in the Flash authoring environment, see Using Flash Help.

•For information about working with components, see Using Components Help.

•For information about creating communication applications with Flash Communication

Server, see Developing Communications Applications and Managing Flash Communication Server.

•For information about accessing web services with Flash applications, see Using Flash Remoting.

You can find application FLA files that use common Flash functionality installed with Flash.

These applications were designed to introduce new Flash developers to the capabilities of Flash

applications as well as show advanced developers how Flash features work in context. On

Windows, you can find the applications in \Program Files\Macromedia\Flash MX 2004\

Examples. On the Macintosh, you can find the applications in HD/Applications/Macromedia

Flash MX 2004/Examples.

10 Introduction: Getting Started with ActionScript

The Macromedia DevNet website (www.macromedia.com/devnet) is updated regularly with the

latest information on Flash, plus advice from expert users, advanced topics, examples, tips, and

other updates. Check the website often for the latest news on Flash and how to get the most out

of the program.

The Macromedia Flash Support Center (www.macromedia.com/support/flash) provides

TechNotes, documentation updates, and links to additional resources in the Flash community.

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