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Mastering The Art
of Measurement
Mastering the Art of Measurement (Digital Multimeter) r.01 www.plusivo.com
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
1. Overview 2
2. Safety Notes 3
3. General Characteristics 3
3.1 DC Voltages (DC Volts) 3
3.2 AC Voltages (AC Volts) 3
3.3 DC Current 4
3.4 Resistance 4
3.5 Diode and Continuity Test 4
4. Reference Table 5
4.1 Table of SI Units 5
4.2 Table of Prefixes 5
5. Measurement 6
5.1 DC Voltage Measurement 6
5.2 AC Voltage Measurement 8
5.3 DC Current Measurement 10
5.4 Battery Test 13
5.5 Resistance Measurement 15
5.6 Diode Test 17
5.7 Continuity Test 19
6. Basic Concepts 21
6.1 Ohm's Law 21
6.1.1 Example 21
6.2 Joule's Law for Electrical Power 24
6.2.1 Example 24
6.3 Kirchhoff's Law 27
6.3.1 Kirchhoff's Current Law 27
6.3.2 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 27
6.3.3 Example 28
6.4 Shunt Resistor 32
6.4.1 Example 33
6.5 Choosing the Right Resistor for an LED 35
6.5.1 Example 36
6.6 Measuring Internal Resistance of a Battery 39
6.6.1 Example 40
6.7 Testing Some Components Using Multimeter 41
6.7.1 Potentiometer Test 41
6.7.2 BJT Transistor Test 43
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Introduction
In this guide, you are going to learn how to measure DC voltage and AC voltage, DC
current, resistance, diodes, and continuity test using Digital MultiMeter (DMM).
1. Overview
The compact digital multimeter can be used to measure DC voltage and AC voltage,
DC current, resistance, diodes, continuity test, and other parameters. This multimeter is the
ideal tool for laboratories, factories, enthusiasts, and families.
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Please take the time and read these operating instructions before use and
retain them for future reference. Failure to follow these instructions may lead to serious
injury and damage to property.
2. Safety Notes
1. When measuring, do not enter a limit that exceeds the range.
2. When changing the function and range, the test leads should leave the test point.
3. In the resistance mode, please do not add voltage to the input.
In general, if something unusual happens or if you suspect that something is wrong or has
malfunctioned, do not do anything with the product and immediately contact the seller for
assistance (email address: of[email protected])
3. General Characteristics
- Maximum display value: 1999 (31/2) bit, automatic polarity display
- Sampling rate: about 3 times per second
- Over range indication: the highest bit is "1"
- Low voltage display: " " symbol appears
- Working environment: (0~40) °C, relative humidity < 80%
- Power: 3 V battery (2 x AAA)
- Accuracy: ± (reading % + the least significant digits)
- Ambient temperature: (23±5) °C, relative humidity < 75%, calibration guarantee period for
one year from the day of production.
3.1 DC Voltages (DC Volts)
Range
Accuracy
Resolution Ration
200 mV
±(0.5% + 4)
100 μV
2 V
1 mV
20 V
10 mV
200 V
100 mV
600 V
±(1.0% + 5)
1 V
Input impedance: 1 MΩ
3.2 AC Voltages (AC Volts)
Range
Accuracy
Resolution Ration
200 V
±(1.2% + 10)
100 mV
600 V
1 V
Input impedance: 1 MΩ
Frequency response: (40~200) Hz
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3.3 DC Current
Range
Accuracy
Resolution Ration
2 mA
±(1.5% + 3)
1 μA
20 mA
10 μA
200 mA
100 μA
10A
±(2.0% + 5)
10 mA
Maximum input current: 10 A (not more than 10 seconds)
Overload protection: 0.2 A / 250 V fuse (10 A range is without insurance)
3.4 Resistance
Range
Accuracy
Resolution Ration
200 Ω
±(1.0% + 5)
0.1 Ω
2 kΩ
±(0.8% + 3)
1 Ω
20 kΩ
10 Ω
200 kΩ
100 Ω
2 MΩ
±(1.0% + 15)
1 kΩ
Overload protection: 250 V DC and AC peak
3.5 Diode and Continuity Test
Range
Display
Test Conditions
The diode forward voltage
DC current is about 1 mA
Reverse voltage: 3 V
Buzzer sound Test
Resistance smaller than (20
±1) Ω
Circuit starting voltage:
about 3 V
Overload Protection: 250 V DC or AC peak
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4. Reference Table
4.1 Table of SI Units
Quantity
SI Unit
Abbreviation
Voltage
Volts
V
Current
Ampere
A
Power
Watt
W
Energy
Joule
J
Electric charge
Coulomb
C
Resistance
Ohm
Ω
Capacitance
Farad
F
Inductance
Henry
H
Frequency
Hertz
Hz
4.2 Table of Prefixes
Prefix
Power
Numeric Representation
Tera (T)
1012
1 trillion
Giga (G)
109
1 billion
Mega (M)
106
1 million
Kilo (k)
103
1 thousand
No prefix
100
1 unit
Milli (m)
10−3
1 thousandth
Micro (μ)
10−6
1 millionth
Nano (n)
10−9
1 billionth
Pico (p)
10−12
1 trillionth
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5. Measurement
5.1 DC Voltage Measurement
1. Insert the black wire to "COM" and the red wire to the "V/Ω" port;
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Mastering the Art of Measurement (Digital Multimeter) r.01 www.plusivo.com
2. Put the range switch to the corresponding DC voltage range and then put the test probes
to the source to be measured. The polarity will be shown on the display.
Figure 1. The measured voltage in this figure is 12.35 V DC.
Figure 2. The measured voltage in this figure is 4.71 V DC.
Note:
1. If the range of the voltage to be measured is unknown, put the range switch to the highest
rank, then according to the value displayed, turn to the corresponding range
2. If on the display is shown "1", this means that the range is exceeded and the range switch
must be set to a higher gear
3. Do not measure a voltage over 600 V, because there is a risk to damage the instrument
circuit
4. When measuring a high voltage circuit, pay attention not to touch any high voltage part of
the circuit.
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Mastering the Art of Measurement (Digital Multimeter) r.01 www.plusivo.com
5.2 AC Voltage Measurement
1. Insert the black probe to "COM" and the red probe to "V/Ω";
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2. Put the range switch to the corresponding ACV range and then put the test probes to the
source to be measured.
Figure 3. The measured voltage in this figure is 240 V AC.
Note:
1. If the range of the voltage to be measured is unknown, put the range switch to the highest
rank, then according to the value displayed, turn to the corresponding range
2. If on the display is shown "1", this means that the range is exceeded and the range switch
must be set to a higher gear
3. Do not measure a voltage over 600 Vrms, because there is a risk to damage the
instrument circuit
4. When measuring a high voltage circuit, pay attention not to touch any high voltage part of
the circuit.
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Mastering the Art of Measurement (Digital Multimeter) r.01 www.plusivo.com
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