Tektronix 2445 Manuale utente

Tektronix, Inc.

P.O.

Box

500

Beaverton. Oregon 97077

070-3830-00

Product Group 38

COMMITTEDm EXCELlENCE

PLEASE

CHECK

FOR

CHANGE

INFORMATION

THE

REAR

THIS

MANUAL

2445

OSCILLOSCOPE

OPERATORS

INSTRUCTION

MANUAL

Serial

Number

_____

First Printing

OCT

1982

Revised

JUL

1983

1982

Tektronix. Inc.

All

rights reserved.

Contents

this publication may not

reproduced

any

form without the written permission of Tektronix.

Inc.

Products of Tektronix,

Inc.

and

its subsidiaries are covered

by U.S. and foreign patents andlor pending patents.

TEKTRONIX,

TEK,

SCOPE-MOBILE,

and

are

registered trademarks

Tektronix. Inc. TELEQUIPMENT

a registered trademark

Tektronix U.K. Limited.

Printed

U.S.A. Specification

and

price change privileges

are reserved.

INSTRUMENT

SERIAL

NUMBERS

Each

instrument has a serial number on a panel insert, tag,

or stamped

the chassis.

The

first number

letter

designates the country of manufacture.

The

last five digits

the serial number are

aSSigned

sequentially

and

are

unique to each instrument. Those manufactured

the

United States have six unique digits.

The

country of

manufacture

identified

follows:

BOOOOOO

Tektronix, Inc

.•

Beaverton, Oregon, USA

100000 Tektronix Guernsey, Ltd., Channel Islands

200000 Tektronix United Kingdom. Ltd., London

300000 SonyITektronix, Japan

700000 Tektronix Holland,

NV,

Heerenveen,

The

Netherlands

nf'"

·.

2445 Operaton

tABLE

OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. . • . • . . . • . • • • . • . • ji

LISTOF TABLES. . • . . • . . • • • . • . • . • • • . • • • •

OPERATORS SAFETY SUMMARY. • • • . • • . • . • •

iii

SECTION 1 SPECIFICATION

INTRODUCTIQN. . • • . • • • • • •

••

1·1

PERFORMAN¢E CONDITIONS.

••

1·1

SECTION 2 PREPARATION FOR

USE

SAFETY

....•.••.••.••.•

••

2·1

LINE VOLTAGE SELECTION. •

••

2·'

LINE FUSE. . • . • • . . • • . . • • .

.•

2·1

POWER

CORD..

.•

. •

••

. .

•• ••

2·'

INSTRUMENT

COOLING.

. • • •

••

2·1

START·UP. . . . • • • • . • • • • • • .

2·2

REPACKAGING FOR SHIPMENT.. 2·2

SECTION 3 CONTROLS, COII'NECTORS.

AND INDICATORS

POWER

AND DISPLAY. . . . . • .

••

3·1

VERTICAL.

• . . • • • . • • . • • . •

••

3·2

HORIZONTAl-AND

DELTA

MEASUREMENT. •

••

• • • • •.. •

••

3-4

TRIGGER. . • . • • • • • • • • . . . •

••

3-7

REAR

PANEL.

• • . .

••

.••

•

••

.•

3-9

READOUT DISPLAY

••.••••.•.

3·11

SECTION 4 OPERATING cqNSIDERATIONS

GRATICULE

. • • • • • • • • . • • •

.•

4·1

TIME AND

V~LTAGE

MEASUREM~NTS

.••.••.•..

4-1

GROUNDING.

. • • • • . • • • • • •

••

4·1

SIGNAL

CO~ECTIONS.

• • • • •

••

4·2

INPUT·COupLING CAPACITOR

PRECHARGI"'G. • •

••

. . • . . . •

••

4·2

EXTERNAL

tRIGGERING.

• • •

.•

4·2

SECTION 5 OPERATOR·S

CHECKS

AND

ADJUSTMENTS

INTRODUCTION.

••

• . . . •

•.

•

.•

5·1

INITIAL

SETUP. . • • • • . • . • • •

.•

5·1

TRACE ROTATION

ADJUSTMENT

••.•.••.....•.•

ASTIGMATISM ADJUSTMENT •

•.

AUTO DC BALANCE

ADJUSTMENT. • • • • • . . • . . . •

PROBE

LOW·FREQUENCY

COMPENSATION. . • . . • • • • • •

••

MATCHING CHANNEL2

DELAY..

5·3

AMPLITUDE CHECK • • . • . . • •

•.

5-4

TIMING CHECK. • • . • • • . . • • •

.•

5-4

SECTION 6 BASIC APPLICATIONS

INDEXOF PROCEDURES. • • • •

.•

6·1

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT. • •

6·1

VOLTAGE

RATIO.

• . • • . . • • •

••

6-2

ALGEBRAIC ADDITION AND

ELiMINATINGCOMMON·MODE

SIGNALS • • • • . • • . • . . • . . . •

••

6·3

TIME

INTERVAL..

•

••

. . • • . .

•.

6-4

FREQUENCY • . . . • • • . . • • • •

••

6-4

TIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

TWO

TIME·RELATED PULSES.

••

6·5

TIME RATIO

••••.•••.•

" . •

••

6-5

PHASE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

TWO

TIME·RELATED SIGNALS

•.

6-6

SMALL·ANGLE

PHASE

DIFFERENCE. . • . . . • . . • • • •

••

6-6

DELAYED·SWEEP OPERATION

.•

, 6-7

SECTION 7 OPTIONS AND ACCESSORIES

INTRODUCTION..

• . . . . • • • •

.•

7·1

OPTION

lR.

. • . . • • . • • • • • • •

.•

7·1

POWER

CORD OPTIONS. • . . • •

7·1

STANDARD ACCESSORIES

..••

, 7·2

OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES. • • .

.•

7·2

APPENDIX A

POWER·UP

TESTS

KERNELTESTS

••••.•••..••.

A·'

CONFIDENCE TESTS. . • • . • • .

A·1

CHANGE INFORMATION

2445 Operators

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

The

2445

Oscilloscope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2·1 Line selector switch, line fuse, and detachable power cord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2·2

3-1

Power and display

controls.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3·1

3-2 Vertical controls and

1 OR X and

2 connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-2

3-3 Channel 3 and Channel 4 controls and connectors and CALIBRATOR

output

.........

, 3-3

3-4 Horizontal and delta measurement

controls.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-4

3·5 Trigger controls and indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • .

3-7

3-6 Rear-panel controls and connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3·'0

3·7 Readout display locations

...............................•............

, 3·11

4-1

Graticule measurement markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-1

5-1

Probe low·frequency compensation. . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-3

6-1

Instantaneous dc levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .

6-1

6-2 Voltage ratios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-2

6-3 Eliminating common-mode signals • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-3

6-4 Measuring

rise

times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-4

6-5 Time difference between

two

time-related pulses (cursor method)

.................

, 6-5

6-6 Time ratios (duty cycles) . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-6

6·7 Phase difference between

two

time-related signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-7

6·8 Small-angle phase

difference.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-7

6-9 Time difference between

two

time·related pulses (delayed-sweep method) . . . . . . . . . . .

6-9

LIST OF TABLES

Table

Page

1-1

Electrical Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-2

Environmental Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-9

1-3 Mechanical Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-10

2·1 Voltage, Fuse, and Power-Cord Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-3

A·1

Confidence Test Numbers and Descriptions

................................

A-'

n("'\

2445 Operators

OP~RATORS

SAFETY

SUMMARY

The

general safety information

this

part

the summary

for

both operating andservicing personnel Specific warnings

andcautions

will

found thrtWphout the manual where theyapplyanddo

not

appear in thissummary.

Terms in This Manual

CAUTION

statements identity conditions

practices

that could result

damage

the equipment or other

property.

WARNING

statements identiiv conditions

practices

that could result

personal inlfry

loss

life.

Terms as Marked

Equi~

CAUTION

indicates a

person~

injury hazard not imme-

diately accessible

one reads' the markings, or a hazard

property, including the equipm,mt itself.

DANGE

R indicates a personal injury hazard immediately

accessible

one reads the

rnar~ing.

Symbols in This Manual

This symbol

i~dicates

where applicable

cautionary or other information

found. For

maPcimum

input Voltage see

Table 1-1. I

Symbols as Marked

E~ipment

DANGER

-Hitti voltage.

Protective

grou~

(earth) terminal.

ATTENT

ION

~efer

manual.

Power Source

This product

intended

~perate

from a power source

that does not apply more

th"

250 volts

rms

between the

supply conductors or betweel'l either supply conductor and

ground. A protective

groun~

connection

way

the

grounding conductor

the

pt:>wer

cord

essential for safe

operation. '

Grounding the Product

This product

grounded through the grounding conductor

the power cord. To avoid

el~trical

shock, plug the

power cord into a properly wired receptable before con-

necting

the product input or

output

terminals. A

protective ground connection

way of the grounding

conductor

the power cord

essential for safe operation.

Danger Arising From

Loss

Ground

Upon loss

the protective.ground connection,

all

acces-

sible conductive parts (including knobs and controls

that

may 8PPear

be insulating) can render an electric shock.

Use

the

Proper Power Cord

Use

only the power cord and connector specified for

your product.

Use

only a power cord that

good condition.

For'detailed information on power cords and connectors

see Table 2·1.

Use

the

Proper Fuse

To avoid fire hazard, use only a fuse of the correct type,

voltage rating and current rating

specified

the parts

list for your product.

Not

Operate in Explosive Atmospheres

To avoid explosion,

not operate this product

explosive atmosphere unless it has been specifically cer-

tified for such operation.

Not

Remove Covers

Panels

To avoid personal injury,

not remove the product

covers or panels.

not

operate the product without the

covers and panels properly installed.

iii

2445 Operators

.....,

3830-01

The

2446

OscillolCOpe.

~f"'

nf"'

Section

1-2445

OperatO"

SPECIFICATION

INTROD..,cnON

The TEKTRONIX 2445 Oscilloscope

a portable

150-MHz instrument having a Ifour-channel vertical deflec-

tion system. Channel 1 and Channel 2 provide calibrated

deflection factors from 2

per division

5 V per

division. For each of these channels, input

impedanCe

selectable between two

val~:

either 1

MSl

parallel

with 15 pF,

internelf

termination. Input-signal

coupling with

1-MSl

impedanf:e can be selected

either

DC.

Channel 3 and Chaqnel 4 have deflection factors

of either

0.1

0.5 V per

dlvjision.

Each of these channels

has

input impedance

!MSl

parallel with 15 pF,

with

input-signal coupling.!Trigger circuits enable stable

triggering over the full bandwkfth of the vertical system.

The horizontal deflection! system provides calibrated

I '

sweep speeds from 1.5s per aiviston

1 ns per division.

Drive

for the horizontal deflechion system

obtained from

a choice

B delayed, Aalternated with B delayed

sweeps, or

1 (for the

X·Y

~sptay

mode).

The 2445 incorporates

alp~anumeric

crt

readouts

the

vertical and horizontal

scat~

factors, the trigger

levels,

time-difference

measurem~

values, voltage-difference

me.asurernent values, and

certa~

auxiliary information.

The 2445 Oscilloscope

isl

shipped with the following

standard accessories:

2 Probe packages

1 Snap-lock accessories pouch

1 Zip-lock accessories

pou~h

1 Operators manual

1 .Service manual

1 Power cord (installed)

1 2·A, 250-V fuse

1 Clear plflstic

crt

filter I

Blue

plastic

crt

filter (inualled)

1 Front-panel cover

1 Operators pocket

referer

card

For part numbers and further information about both

standard and optional accessories, refer

"Options and

Accessories" (Section

this manual. Your Tektronix

representative or

local

Tektronix Field Office can also

provide accessories information and ordering assistance.

PERFORMANCE CONDITIONS

The following electrical characteristics (Table 1-1)

are

valid

for the 2445 when it has been adjusted at

ambient temperature between +20°C and +30°C, has had

a warm-up period of

least 20 minutes, and

operating

an ambient temperature between

_15

0 C and +55°C

(unless otherwise noted).

Items listed

the "Performance Requirements" column

are verifiable qualitative or quantitative limits that define

the measurement capabilities

the instrument.

Environmental characteristics are

given

Table

'-2.

The 2445 OscilloscOpe meets the environmental require-

ments of

MIL·T-28BOOC

for Type III,

Class

3, Style C

equipment, with the humidity and temperature require-

ments defined

paragraphs 3.9.2.2, 3.9.2.3, and 3.9.2.4.

Mechanical characteristics of

the

2445 are listed

Table

1-3.

1-1

Specification-2445

Operators

Characteristics

Table

1·'

Electrical Characteristics

Performance Requirements

VERTICAL DEFLECTION

SYSTEM-CHANNEll

AND CHANNEL 2

Deflection Factor

Range

Accuracy

+15°C

+35°C

Ll.

V Accuracy (using cursors over entire

graticule area)

+15°Cto

+35°C

Ll.V

Range

Variable Range

Frequency Response

{3·dB bandwidth)

AC Coupled Lower

-3

Point

1X Probe

lOX Probe

Step

Response

Rise Time

Common-mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

1-2

2 mV

per

division

5 V per division in a 1-2·5 sequence

steps.

Within ±2%

any VOLTS!D

setting

for

a 4-

5·division signal

centered

the

screen.

Add

+lSoC-to-+35°C specification.

± (2%

reading +

0.03

division + signal aberrations).

reading

+150 C-to·+35°C specification.

± 8 times the VOLTS/DIV switch setting.

Continuously variable between VOLTS!DIV switch settings. Extends

deflection

factor

the

5 V per division setting

least 12.5 V

per

division.

Six-division reference signal from a

terminated

50·51 system, with

VAR VOLTS!DIV control in calibrated

detent.

VOLTS/DIV

setting

2mV

5 mV

greater

5 mV

greater

less.

With

probe

internal

50-51

termination

DCto

150

MHz

100

MHz

50-n

external

termination

1-M51

input

MHz

OCto

130

MHz

100

MHz

2.33

less

for

VOLTS/O

switch settings

5 mV and

(calculated).

4.4

less

for

VOLTS/OIV switch setting

2 mV {calculated).

Rise

time

calculated from: bandwidth x rise

time

0.35.

least

20:

MHz

for

common-mode signals

eight divisions

less, with VAR VOLTS/DIV control adjusted for best CMRR

kHz

any VOLTS/OIV switch setting from 5 mV

5 V;

least 20:1

MHz

2 mV per division.

Specification-2445 Operators

Table

1-1

(cont)

Characteristic$ Performance Requirements

VERTICAL

DEFLECTION SYSTEM-CHANNEL 1

AND

CHANNEL 2 (cont)

Channel Isolation 100:1

greater attenuation

the

deselected channel at 100

MHz;

50:1

greater attenuation

150

MHz,

for an eight-division input

signal from 2 mV per division

500

per division, with equal

switch settings on both channels.

Displayed Channel 2 Signal Delay with Respect Adil",bhl

...

through a range

teast

-500

+500 ps.

Channel 1 Signal

Input

Rand

MO}

Resistance Mn±O.5%.

Capacitance pF ±2 pF.

MaximulTllnput Voltage &

400

V (dc +peak ac).

: V pop ac

10kHz

less.

Input R

{50

Resistance

5On±i%.

VSWR

(DC

150

MHz)

.3:1

less.

Maximum Input Voltage & 5 V rms;

mW·seconds during any loo-ms interval for

instantaneous voltage from 5 V

---,---.------.-~--.------.--~------"

------.----.-----~--~-,--,----.----

------.--.---"---.--

Cascaded Operation

2 SIGNAL OUT into Channel 1 input;

coupled using a

50-n

RG·58C/U coaxial cable, terminated

the

Channel 1

input. Channel 1 and Channel 2 VOLTS/DIV switch set

2 mV.

Bandwidth

MHt

greater.

Deflection Factor

400

J.tV

per division ±10%.

VERTICAL

DEFLECTION SYSTEM-CHANNEL3 AND CHANNEL4

Deflection Factor

Values V per division and 0.5 V per division.

Accuracy ±10%.

Frequency Response

(3<1B

Bandwidth)

c;.

."-

reference signal, from a terminated 5O-n system.

With standard accessory probe With external

50-n

termination

OCto

150

MHz

130

MHz

Step Response

Rise

Time 2.33

or less (calculated from bandwidth).

Channel Isolation 50:1

greater attenuation

the deselected channel

100

MHz

with an eight-division input signal.

1-3

Specification-2445 Operators

Table

1-'

(cont)

Characteristics Performance

VERTICAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM-CHANNEL 3 AND CHANNEL 4

(cant)

Input

Rand

Resistance

Capacitance

Maximum Input Voltage &

Mfl±l%.

±3 pF.

V (dc +peak ac);

Pop

10 kHz

less.

VERTICAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM-ALL CHANNELS

Low-frequency Linearity

Bandwidth Limiter

Vertical Signal Delay

Chopped Mode Switching Rate

--------------

-----------------------

Minimum

pop

Signa! Amplitude for Stable

Triggering from

Channell

Channel 2 Source

Coupled

NOISE REJ Coupled

ACCoupled

HF R

Coupled

REJ Coupled

-----------_._--------------

Minimum p.p Signal Amplitude for Stable Triggering

from Channel 3

Channel 4 Source

-----------------------------.---

0_1

division

less

compression or expansion

a two-division,

center-screen signal when positioned anywhere within

the

graticule

area.

Reduces upper 3·dB bandpass

a limit of 13

MHz

MHz.

least 20

the

sweep

displayed before

the

triggering event

displayed.

---

Vertical display switches sequentially through

the

selected channels

the

chop

switching rate. If

the

B_SEC/DIV switch

set

sweep

speeds outside

the

range

p.s

per division

p.s

per division,

the

switching rate

MHz

±0.2% (dual-channel cycle rate

500

kHz). If

the

BSEC/DIV switch

set within

the

range

p.s

per division

f,J.S

per division,

the

switching rate

2.5

MHz

±0.2%

(dual·channel cycle rate

1.25 MHz).

all

sweep speeds, the

chop switching rate

desynchronized with the sweep frequency

minimize waveform breaks when viewing repetitive signals.

TRIGGERING

0.35

division from dc

MHz,

increasing

1 division

250

MHz.

1.2 divisions or

less

from de

MHz, increasing

3 divisions

250

MHz.

0.35

division from

MHz,

increasing

1 division

250

MHz.

Attenuates signals below

Hz.

0.35

division from dc

kHz.

0.35

division from

kHz

MHz,

increasing

1 division

250

MHz.

Amplitudes are one-half

Channel 1

Channel 2 source

specification.

Minimum

poP

Signal Amplitude for Stable Triggering Add 1 division

single-channel source specifications.

from Composite, Multiple Channel Source

Vertical Mode

1-4

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Indice

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