BRUEL & KJAER 2305 Guida utente

Level Recorder

Type

2305

and

level

Recording.

logarithmic

and

linear

Recording.

.polar and Rectilinear Recording,

RMS,

Average

and

Peak Recording.

and

100 mm

Width

Recording Paper.

Ink

and

Sapphire

Registering.

High Writing

Speed

and

Paper

Speed.

Synchronous Drive

with

Scanning

B & K Oscillators, Spectrometers, Analyzers and

Filter Sets.

BAUEL&

K~AC.R

N~RUM

DENMARK. Teleph

800500

Cable

: 8RUKJA. Telex: 5316. COPEN':tAGEN

B B

230

5 -

0300036

Level Recorder

Type 2305 .

Reprint

december

1967

Contents

Page

Description

Controls,

Terminals

and

Mechanical Drives .

.........

Operation

....

...

. .

. . .

.....

....

......

. .

...

Accessories.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Combined

Units

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Applications.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix

.....

...

.......

...

....

. .

...

.. ..

...

118

Specification . . . .

...

. .

...

. . .

......

....

.......

125

Description

General

Electronic

System

...

. . . .

.....

...

. . . . .

...

....

.....

......

........

Input

Circuit

...

........

...

............

...

. . 6

Range

Potentiometer

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chopper

.....

...

....

.....

...

.....

...

....

...

.....

A. C.

Input

Amplifier

.......

. .

...

......

........

. .

.......

Rectifier

Response

Circuit

.........

...

. .

....

............

....

Lower

Limiting

Frequency

Circuit

. .

........

.........

. .

. 7

First

Limiter

....

..............

......

...........

.....

....

Potentiometer

Range

........

...

......

...

....

.......

....

Second

Limiter

.....

........

. . .

........

...

....

. 9

Output

Amplifier

Section

...

.....

....

.....

....

...

........

Writing

Speed

.....

.......

. .

...

....

. .

...

.......

. 10

Mechanical

System

. .

. . . . .

.....

......

. .

...

......

..........

Principle

. .

.........

...

....

......

...

.........

. .

Gear-Box

.....

............

......

...........

. 12

Paper

Speed

...

.....

...

. . .

....

...

......

...

.....

. .

nchronization

Gear

10 . . . .

.......

....

......

....

Drive

Shaft

I .

. . . . . •

....•.

....

...

. . .

...

..........

. . . .

....

lIi

Friction

Clutch

....

.....

.............

...

........

....

........

Single

Chart

..............

. .

...

.........

....

...

.. .. ..

....

Drive

Shaft

. .

.......

. • .

......

. . . . .

...

....

. . . . .

...

Two

Channel

Selector

...............

.....

....

. . .

.. ..

. . 16

Electromechanical

System

....

. .

...

. . .

. .

..........

......

.....

Synchronous

Motor

....

...

......

. . .

...

.....

.. .. ..

...

. . 16

Electromagnetic

Clutch

. .

....

........

...

.....

...

....

. . .

.....

Lifting

Magnet

. .

...

....

.....

.........

.....

....

...

. .

Event-Marker

.....

...........

...

. .

....

...

. .

...

. . . . 17

Writing

System

. .

.....

................

. .

...

....

.....

...

Magnet

System

. .

...

. .

........

....

. .

....

. .

....

. . 17

Mechanical

....

.....

.......

......

...

.....

...

......

. .

Paper

Holder

System

.....

...

....

. .

......

....

. . .

....

Power

Supply

........

....

. .

.....

....

.... ..

......

..........

Rectifiers

. .

.........

.....•...........

......

. .

...

•

100

Ref.

.......

. .

...

....

...

. .

...

. .

........

Mains

Frequencies

and

Voltages

...........

......

....

.......

...

. 19

Fuses

. .

....

. . .

.....

...

....

.. ..

...........

. .

....

Description

General.

The

Level

Recorder

Type

2305

has

been designed

for

accura

recording

signal levels

the

ency

range

2 Hz

to 200000 Hz

Typical

fields

application

are

the

recording

frequ

ncy

esponse

characteristics,

reverberation

decay

curves,

noise

and

vibration

levels,

spectrograms,

and

polar

diagrams

Potenti

ometer

db-Ranll'

Fig. 1.1.

Block

diagram

the

Level Recorder.

f59J98

Record'

ings

can

made

means

ink

either

lined

paper

frequency

calibrated

paper,

means

sapphire

stylus

wax-coated

paper.

Different

types

ink

and

preprinted

recording

paper

are

available

synchronous

motor

used

for

the

paper

drive,

and

means

a gear-

box 12

different

paper

speeds

are

available.

The

operation

the

Recorder

based

upon

the

servo

principle

When

the

magnitude

the

voltage

applied

the

input

terminals

changed,

current

will flow

through

the

driving

coil

the

writing

system,

thus

moving

the

stylus,

which

mechanically

coupled

the

Range

Potentiometer.

the

movement

the

stylus

the

voltage

delivered

from

the

Potentiometer

the

input

amplifier

will be

altered

until

stable

condition

regained.

this

way

possible

obtain

recordings

for

different

ranges

voltage

variations

employing

different

Range

Potentiometers

Electronic System.

Electronically

the

Recorder

Type

2305

mainly

consists

input

circuit,

Range

Potentiometer,

direct-coupled

input

amplifier,

the

specia

B & K

signal

rectifier

arrangement,

and

unconventional

output

ampli-

fier

section

which

drives

the

electrodynamic

writing

system

(see

block

dia-

gram

Fig.

1.1).

tnput Circuit.

The

input

the

Level

Recorder

unsymmetrical.

desired

can

made

symmetrical

special

Input

Transformer,

see

chnpter

Accessories.

The

signal

first

fed

the

continuously

variable

input

potentio-

meter

and

then

the

calibrated

input

attenuator.

Great

care

has

been

taken

the

design

the

input

circuit

obtain

approximately

constant

input

impedance

the

Recorder.

The

impedance

varies

between

and

IdJ,

depending

upon

the

position

the

INPUT

POTENTIOMETER,

and

reaches

its

minimum

value

the

middle

and

end

positions

its

range.

Due

stray

capacitance

the

input

potentiometer

the

frequency

response

will

influenced

small

degree

the

highest

frequencies.

Vide

Fig.

1.2

where

the

highest

deviations

for

the

different

positions

the

potentiometer

are

illustrated.

The

calibrated

INPUT

ATTENUATOR

attenuates

the

input

signal

six

steps

with

accuracy

approximately

± 0.2 dB.

Range Potentiometer.

From

the

input

attenuator

the

signal

fed

the

Range

Potentiometer.

Different

interchangeable

Range

Potentiometers

are

available,

logarithmic

(dB

potentiometers)

well

linear,

see

also

page

45.

Each

potentiometer

consists

precision

resistors

connected

between

216

silver

lamellae

which

the

slider

the

driving

arm

moves,

again

refer

the

block

diagram

Fig.

1.1.

Chopper.

The

voltage

developed

twe

the

slider

and

ground

fed

electromechanical

chopper.

When

desired

record

signals,

the

hopper

arm

continuously

one

its

two

contact

positions.

However,

the

Level

Recorder

switched

levels

the

hopper

will

operate

twic

the

mains

frequen

cy, g

iving

input

the

following

amplifier.

Input Amplifier.

non-chopped

chopped

ignal

applied

the

balanced

direct-coupled

amplifier

which

tead

conventional

amplifier

has

two

distinct

advantages;

unw

nted

blocking

the

amplifier

due

overdriving

(and

thus

overshoot

the

recording)

eli-

minated,

and

the

innuence

variations

the

supply

vollage

decreased

minimum.

There

are

several

other

reasons

why

this

type

circuitry

used.

Firstly,

the

halancing

enables

the

output

from

the

signal

rectifier,

which

follows

immediately

after

the

amplifier,

symmetrical

wilh

respect

ground.

Secondly,

using

well

negative

feed-

back

the

lower

limiting

frequency

the

amplifier

very

easy

change.

Becaus

the

feedback

arrangements

the

amplification

the

ampli-

fier is

approximately

270,

while

the

amplification

the

region

4500.

Rectifier

Response

Circuit.

The

rectification

circuit

the

specially

designed

Briiel

& Kj!er

type,

which

can

switched

ure

the

true

RMS,

the

arithmetical

average

and

half

the

peak-to-peak

value

the

input

signal·).

bridge-type

full-wave

rectifier

for

detection

the

signal

allows

both

the

positive

and

negative

parts

the

input

signal

treated

the

Recorder

The

three

different

rectifier

characteristics

can

selected

the

switch

marked

"Rectifier

Response".

The

last

position

Ihis

switch

marked

DC,

when

this

position,

peak

detection

the

chopped

Recorder

input

signal

takes

place

The

Rectifier

Response

networks

are

symmetrically

arranged

with

respect

ground,

whereby

the

output

signal

contains

superimposed

fundamental

component

This

type

circuitry

is also

advantageous

because

its

insensitivity

mains

voltage

fluctuations.

The

amplifiers

and

Ihe

Rectifier

Response

networks

have

been

designed

measure

the

true

RMS

value

signals

with

crest

factors

5 (crest

factor

peak

voltage

/ RMS voltage).

Correct

measurements

arithmetical

average

values

are

possible

for

signals

with

the

product:

form

factor

crest

factor

= 5, i.e.

peak

voltage

average

voltage

= 5.

The

peak

rectifier

measures

half

peak-to-peak

value

which

should

horne

mind

when

unsymmetrical

signals

are

being

measured.

Further,

certain

amount

energy

dissipated

within

the

rectifier

circuit,

the

true

peak

value

very

narrow

pulses

cannot

correctly

measured

. It

has

therefore

been

found

convenient

calibrate

the

peak

rectifier

accurately

measure

sinusoidal

signals,

whereby

the

peak

values

measured

square-wave

signals

(crest

factor

and

very

narrow

pulses

will

the

first

instance

slightly

too

high

the

second

too

low

Refer

also

Appendix.

When

non-sinusoidal

signals

containing

important

frequency

components

the

neighbourhood

the

lower

upper

limiting

frequency

the

recorder

are

being

measured,

the

recorded

peak

level

will

incorrect,

due

phase

distortion

the

amplifiers

The

recorded

average

level

will

only

in-

fluenced

very

small

degree

the

phase

shift,

whereas

the

RMS

recording

Independent

any

phase

distortion.

Curves

concerning

this

are

found

the

Appendix.

Lower

Limiting

Frequency

Circuit.

Following

the

Rectifier

Response

circuit

the

Lower

Limiting

Frequency

circuit,

which

allows

for

first

averaging

the

level

the

measured

signal.

(Refer

part

Appendix

this

book).

rou

description

the

functi

oni

thi

circuit

is given in

the

B & K Tec

hnic

Review

No.

1958,

4-1960

1-1

This

circuit

determines

the

lowest

frequency

which

the

Recorder

responds

correctly.

can

set

five

values

2, 10, 20, 50

and

200

(cis)

the

knob

LOWER

LIMITING

FREQUENCY

Fig.

1.2

can

seen

the

response

the

five

different

settings

should

noted

that

the

various

frequency

limits

marked

around

the

knob

the

reading

decreased

approximately

0.3 dB

only

. As

the

stability

the

complete

writing

system

dependent

the

combined

setting

the

LOWER

LIMITING FREQUENCY,

WRITING

SPEED

and

POTENTIOMETER

RANGE

the

reader

referred

the

com-

nts

under

"Writing

Speed",

pag

SOCIS

ODets

5dB

100

1000 10000

Highest

dev

otl

to be found f:lr

any

setting

====

" Input Potentiometer"

100

000 2 CIS

16(807

Fig. 1.2.

Typical

frequency characteristics

the

Level

Recorder

for

different

settings

LOWER

LIMITING FREQUENCY switch.

The

two

dotted

lines at

the

high

frequencies give

the

greatest deviation to be

found

for

any

setting Of

INPUT

POTENTIOMETER.

First

Limiter.

avoid

overdriving

(heavy

charging

the

condensers

the

Lower

Limiting

Frequency

circuit)

high

and

very

rapid

fluctuations

the

input

signal

level,

amplitude

limiter

introduced.

The

threshold

the

limiter

designed

that

the

drive

system

has

full

power

when

the

signal

fluctuations

reach

its

limit.

Potentiometer

Range.

The

output

signal

from

the

first

limiter

network,

which

now

DC, is

compared

with

built-in

balanced

reference

voltage,

the

signal

difference

then

being

used

drive

the

output

amplifier

via a

second

limiter.

The

difference

signal

obtained

comparing

the

rectified

and

limited

input

signal

with

the

buill-in

reference

voltage

attenuated

step

attenuator

marked

POTENTIOMETER

RANGE.

the

different

positions

the

atte-

nuator

the

resolution

the

Recorder

determined.

(See

also

"Controls,

Terminals,

and

Mechanical

Drives",

page

22) .

The

resolution

the

Recorder

means

the

degree

which

the

Recorder

able

record

the

details

signal

level

variations.

Fig

. 1.3

illustrates

the

effect

the

resolving

power

for

different

settings

POTENTIOMETER

RANGE.

The

four

measurements

were

made

means

step

voltage

the

input

the

Recorder

and

with

a 50 dB

Range

Potentiometer

inserted.

seen

from

the

figure

with

POTENTIOMETER

RANGE

setting

"10"

the

resolving

power

is too

high

for

the

Range

Potentiometer

used,

thus

the

writing

system

tends

over

shoot.

choosing

position

"50"

seen

that

the

"corners"

the

step

voltage

are

sharp,

i.e.

the

correct

position.

position

80"

the

resolving

power

is too low,

the

"corners

are

thus

rounded

off

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOGOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

...

·~O

'20

'SO "

"eO

Paper

Speed

mm/nc

. _

Fig. 1.9.

Effect

resolving

power

(POTENTIOMETER

RANGE

setting). A

Range Potentiometer was used,

WRITING

SPE

ED on "500",

LOWER

LIMITING FREQUENCY -60

(cIs"

and

measuring

frequency

600 Hz (cIs).

When

employing

logarithmic

Range

Potentiometers

the

signal

voltage

differ·

ence

between

any

the

lamellae

equal

percent,

i.e.

the

optimum

resolv·

ing

power

setting

will

the

same

for

any

deflection

the

stylus.

With

linear

Range

Potentiometers,

however,

the

signal

voltage

difference

percent

between

the

lamellae

one

end

the

lamellae

face is

not

the

same

the

difference

the

other

end,

which

means

that

the

optimum

resolving

power

will

not

identical. A

10-35

linear

Range

Potentiometer

requires

for

about

full deflection

the

stylus

optimum

resolving

power

setting

"10"

and

for

about

zero

deflection

setting

"25",

whereas

10-110

Potentiometer

requires

setting

"10"

and

"80"

respectively.

practice,

the

resolving

power

(POTENTIOMETER

RANGE setting) is

mostly

chosen

value

between

the

two

limits

covering

most

deflectio

the

stylus,

refer

part

Control,

Terminals

and

Mechanical

Driv

es",

page

22.

Second

Limiter,

From

the

Potentiom

ter

Range

altenuator

the

signal

fed

the

second

amplitude

limiter.

The

limiter

ensures

that

the

drive

signal

the

output

amplifier

section

independent

the

magnitude

the

servo

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