Hanna Instruments C 216 Manuale utente

Instruction Manual

C 216 & C 226

Multiparameter Bench

Photometers

for

Pool & Spa Applications

www.hannainst.com

These Instruments are in

Compliance with the CE Directives

Dear Customer,

Thank you for choosing a Hanna product. Please read this instruction

manual carefully before using the meter. This manual will provide you

with the necessary information for the correct use of the instrument. If

you need additional technical information, do not hesitate to e-mail

us at [email protected]. These instruments are in compliance with

directives.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION ........... 3

GENERAL DESCRIPTION ................... 3

ABBREVIATIONS ............................. 4

SIGNIFICANCE OF POOL AND SPA

TESTING ......................................... 5

SPECIFICATIONS ........................... 10

PRECISION AND ACCURACY ............ 10

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ............. 11

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION ............ 13

GUIDE TO DISPLAY CODES ............. 14

TIPS FOR AN ACCURATE

MEASUREMENT ............................ 17

PARAMETERS REFERENCE TABLES .. 19

OPERATIONAL GUIDE .................... 20

ALKALINITY ................................... 22

BROMINE ..................................... 24

CALCIUM HARDNESS ..................... 26

FREE CHLORINE ............................ 28

TOTAL CHLORINE .......................... 30

FREE COPPER ............................... 32

TOTAL COPPER .............................. 34

CYANURIC ACID ............................ 36

IRON ........................................... 38

OZONE ......................................... 40

pH ............................................... 44

INTERFACE WITH PC ..................... 46

STANDARD METHODS ................... 48

BATTERY REPLACEMENT ................ 48

ACCESSORIES ............................... 49

CE DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY .... 50

WARRANTY ................................... 51

HANNA LITERATURE ...................... 51

All rights are reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without

the written consent of the copyright owner, Hanna Instruments Inc.,

Woonsocket, Rhode Island, 02895 , USA.

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

Please examine this product carefully. Make sure that the instrument

is not damaged. If any damage occured during shipment, please

notify your Dealer.

Each Meter is supplied complete with:

• Four Sample Cuvets and Caps

• Two 9V Batteries

• One pair of scissors

• Instruction Manual

• Rigid carrying case

Note: Save all packing material until you are sure that the instrument

works correctly. Any defective item must be returned in its

original packing with the supplied accessories.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

C 99 & C 200 Series is a line of 17 different bench, microprocessor-

based photometers to measure more than 50 different parameters in

water and wastewater. These multipurpose meters are manufactured

to measure the most important parameters of the application they

have been especially designed for:

C 99 Laboratories, with COD C 200 Laboratories

C 203 Aquaculture C 205 Boilers & Cooling Towers

C 206 Environmental Testing C 207 Industrial Wastewater

C 208 Water Conditioning C 209 Education

C 210 Pulp & Paper Mills C 211 Chemical Manufacturers

C 212 Power Plant Utilities C 213 Municipal Wastewater

C 214 Wastewater Treatment Applic. C 215 Nutrient Analyses C 216

Pool & Spa Applic. C 218 Environmental Applic.

C 226 Pool & Spa Applic.

All meters use an exclusive positive-locking system to ensure that the

cuvet is in the same position every time it is placed into the measurement

cell.

The reagents are in liquid or powder form and are supplied in bottles

or in packets. The amount of reagent is precisely dosed to ensure the

maximum repeatability.

Display codes aid the user in routine operations.

The meters have an auto-shut off feature that will turn off the

instrument after 10 minutes of non-use.

The C 99 & C 200 Series can be connected to a personal computer via

the HI 920010 three wire RS 232 cable. The HI 92000 Hanna

Windows®Compatible Software aids the user to manage all test data.

°C: degree Celsius

EPA: US Environmental Protection Agency

°F: degree Fahrenheit

g/L: grams per liter. g/L is equivalent to ppt (part per

thoushand)

mg/L: milligrams per liter. mg/L is equivalent to ppm (part per

million)

mL: milliliter

µg/L: micrograms per liter. µg/L is equivalent to ppb (part per

billion)

ABBREVIATIONS

SIGNIFICANCE OF

POOL AND SPA TESTING

A major family leisure pursuit is the enjoyment of Swimming Pool and

Spa facilities world-wide. A basic necessity of Pool water treatment, to

ensure such enjoyment, is to maintain the water in a safe and pleasant

condition for the bathers.

In order to achieve such an objective, swimming pool water requires

testing on daily, and sometimes hourly bases for disinfection residuals

and pH. Equally important, Calcium Hardness and Alkalinity parameters

should be monitored on weekly bases to ensure the pool water is

maintained in a balanced condition, thus to avoid system failure because

of corrosion or scale formation.

DISINFECTION RESIDUAL AND pH CONTROL

In terms of swimming pool treatment, disinfection or sanitizing basically

means to rid the pool of bather pollution, destroy bacteria, and control

nuisance organisms like algae, which may occur in the pool, filtration

equipment, and piping.

There are a number of techniques used, namely, chlorine, bromine and

ozone dosing systems, of which chlorine is the most common.

Chlorine

Chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent that destroys mostly organic pollutants,

bacteria and can combine with nitrogen containing compounds, forming

chloramines. Only a part of the original quantity dosed chlorine, remains

active and continues its disinfecting action.

From the free chlorine you can distinguish combined chlorine, as that

part which combines with nitrogen containing compound and that is less

efficient as a disinfectant. The addition of these two parts gives total

chlorine. A pool manager needs to aim perfection where free equals

total chlorine, and thus to maintain the combined chlorine concentration

near zero. The presence of chloramines is not desired because of the

distinctive ‘swimming pool’ smell caused by combined chlorines like di-

chloramines. Beside this unpleasant odour it does irritate the eyes and

the mucous membranes.

Commercially chlorine for disinfection may be available as a gas (Cl2), a

liquid like sodium hypochlorite or bleach (NaOCl) or in a solid state like

calcium hypochlorite, chloro-hydantoins or chloro-cyanuric acid

compounds.

These compounds, once dissolved in water do establish equilibrium

between the hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the hypochlorite ions (OCl-).

Although both forms are considered free chlorine, it is the hypochlorous

acid that provides the strongest disinfecting and oxidising characteristic

of chlorine solutions.

The amount of hypochlorous acid in chlorinated water dependends upon

the pH value of the solution. Changes in pH value will effect the HOCl

equilibrium in relation to the hydrogen and hypochlorite ion.

As depicted by the curve below, HOCl decreases and OCl-increases as pH

increases. At a low pH, almost all the free chlorine is in the molecular

form HOCl and at a pH of around 7.5, the ratio between HOCl and OCl-is

50:50. Since the ionic form OCl-is a slow acting sanitizer while the

molecular HOCl is a fast acting, it is important to measure regularly the

pH. As a general rule a pH of about 7.2 is recommended to maintain fast

acting disinfection conditions.

Bromine

In many countries bromine sanitizing has been introduced as an

alternative for chlorine, although it is a less strong sanitizer. The advantage

of bromine is its stability at higher temperatures (advantageous for hot

well pools), and its maintained disinfection power at higher pH. Further

it does hardly react with nitrogen compounds, reducing the unpleasant

odour, and eye irritation problems. The main disadvantage of bromine is

the slower acting disinfecting power, making it less suitable for larger

pools.

Ozone

Ozone is a very strong oxidizing agent that does destroy most difficult to

oxidize organic compounds and chloramines. It thus allows the pool

manager to remove very efficiently combined chlorine without refreshing

frequently large amounts of pool water. In general its application is found

just before water passes through the filter units. Its sanitizing power is

not pH related.

Mainly because of its strong oxidizing power the return water may contain

only trace concentrations of ozone. It has to be mentioned that ozone is

very unstable and there is anyway the need for low-level chlorination to

ensure sanitizing throughout the whole pool.

THE WATER BALANCE AND LANGELIER INDEX (LI)

The pool water characteristics need to be maintained in a balanced

condition to avoid system failure. Measuring the water balance is

extremely important to predict if the water is corrosive, scaling or balanced.

A saturation index developed by Dr. Wilfred Langelier is widely used to

predict the balance of swimming pool waters. It is an estimation of the

solutions ability to dissolve or precipitate calcium carbonate deposits. A

certain level of this precipitation (filming) is desired to insulate pipes

and boilers from contact with water. When no protective filming is formed,

water is considered to be corrosive. On the other hand scaling does cause

failure because of incrustation problems.

In the treatment and monitoring of pool water, the pool manager must

ensure that related parameters as alkalinity, hardness and pH are duly

taken into consideration.

Calcium Hardness

The presents of calcium in the system is desired to ensure filming on

those places where the temperature is relatively high, like in boilers and

pipes transporting warm water. Scaling must be avoided because it

reduces heat transfer and pump capacity. Beside the calcium carbonate

deposits in the pipes, high scaling values do cause cloudy water.

It is recommended to maintain the calcium hardness value within the

range from 200 to 400 ppm as calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Alkalinity

Alkalinity is the measure of the total concentration of alkaline substances,

mostly bicarbonates, dissolved in the water. The higher the alkalinity the

more resistant the water is to pH change, the alkalinity buffers the water.

At the same time, high alkaline water is a major contributor to scaling

problems like incrustation in filtration equipment, pumps, and piping.

It is recommended to maintain the alkalinity value within the range

from 80 to 125 ppm as calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

The pH of the water is an important factor since at lower pH the corrosion

rate increases. If the alkalinity values are sufficiently high it will not be

difficult to control the pH. Most pools managers do prefer to keep the pH

between 7.2 and 7.4, that does ensure low corrosion rates and a sufficient

activity of chlorine.

Langelier Index (LI)

The Langelier Index is a powerful tool to calculate the water balance,

and to predict corrosion or scaling problems. Theoretically, a LI of zero

indicates perfect water condition for swimming pools. If LI>0, scaling

and staining of the water is present, and if LI<0 the water is corrosive

and highly irritating. A tolerance of ±0.4 is normally acceptable.

The Langelier formula is expressed as:

LI = pH + TF + HF + AF – 12.5

where:

LI = Langelier Index (also called Saturation Index)

pH = pH of the water

TF = temperature factor

HF = hardness factor, log(Ca Hardness, ppm as CaCO3)

AF = alkalinity factor, log(Alkalinity, ppm as CaCO3)

To calculate the exact Langelier Index of your water please use theWATER

INDEX reference tables at the end of this chapter to find the Temperature,

Hardness and Alkalinity factors.

Recommendations

For most pools, water is balanced if:

• The pH value is maintained within the recommended ranges of

pH 7.2 - 7.6

• Ideally the Alkalinity should be maintained within a range of

80 - 125 ppm

• The Calcium Hardness should be maintained within a range of

200 - 400 ppm.

To calculate your water balance three tests are required, measure the

Calcium Hardness, the Alkalinity and the pH of the pool water. Find the

Hardness and Alkalinity Factor in the WATER INDEX reference tables

below.

The water temperature is in general controlled between 24oC (76oF) and

34oC (94oF) to ensure pleasant bather comfort. The Temperature Factor

in this temperature range has minor importance; therefore an average

value of 0.7 may be used.....

A simple calculation classifies your water in corrosive, scaling, acceptable

or ideal balanced, with treatment recommendations:

Water Balance = pH + TF + HF + AF

Water Balance

11.0 – 12.0

12.1 – 12.3

12.4 – 12.6

12.7 – 12.9

13.0 – 14.0

Condition of Water

Corrosive

Acceptable Balance

Ideal Balance

Acceptable Balance

Scale forming

Recommendation

Increase pH and/or Alkalinity

Retest water frequently

Reduce pH and/or alkalinity

WATER INDEX REFERENCE TABLES

Pool water conditions

Temperature 30°C

pH 7.2

Alkalinity 80 mg/L

Hardness 230 mg/L

Factor value

(nearest values)

TF = 0.7

pH = 7.2

AF = 1.9

HF = 2.4

°C

°F

104

122

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

mg/L

(as CaCO3)

100

150

200

250

300

400

500

1000

0.7

1.4

1.7

1.9

2.0

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

3.0

mg/L

(as CaCO3)

100

150

200

250

300

400

500

1000

0.7

1.4

1.7

1.9

2.0

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

3.0

Temperature Calcium Hardness Alkalinity

EXAMPLE:

Water Balance = pH + TF + HF + AF

= 7.2 + 0.7 + 2.4 + 1.9 = 12.2

Conclusion: the water is acceptable balanced but there is some risk

that the water becomes corrosive; frequently testing is recommended.

The Hanna C216 and C226 are the ideal instruments to meet your

monitoring requirements….

SPECIFICATIONS

Light Life Life of the instrument

Light Detector Silicon Photocell

Environment 0 to 50°C (32 to 122°F);

max 90% RH non-condensing

Power Supply 2 x 9 V batteries / 12 to 20 VDC through

voltage adapter (optional)

Auto-Shut off After 10' of non-use

Dimensions 230 x 165 x 70 mm (9.0 x 6.5 x 2.8")

Weight 640 g (22.6 oz.)

For specifications related to each single parameter (e.g. range, precision,

etc.), refer to the related measurement section.

PRECISION AND ACCURACY

Precision is how closely repeated measurements agree with each other.

Precision is usually expressed as standard deviation (SD).

Accuracy is defined as the nearness of a test result to the true value.

Although good precision suggests good accuracy, precise results can be

inaccurate. The figure explains these definitions.

For each parameter, the precision is expressed in the related measurement

section as standard deviation at a specific concentration value of the

analite. The standard deviation is obtained with a single instrument using

a representative lot of reagent.

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