Nortel Alteon OS 42C4911 Guida utente

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Alteon OS

Application Guide

Nortel 10Gb Ethernet Switch Module for IBM BladeCenter®

Version 1.0

Part Number: 42C4911, January 2007

Alteon OS Application Guide

242C4911, January 2007

This document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying,

distribution, and decompilation. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form by any means

without prior written authorization of Blade Network Technologies, Inc. Documentation is provided “as

is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including any kind of implied or express

warranty of non-infringement or the implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular

purpose.

U.S. Government End Users: This document is provided with a “commercial item” as defined by FAR

2.101 (Oct. 1995) and contains “commercial technical data”and “commercial software documentation” as

those terms are used in FAR 12.211-12.212 (Oct. 1995). Government End Users are authorized to use this

documentation only in accordance with those rights and restrictions set forth herein, consistent with FAR

12.211- 12.212 (Oct. 1995), DFARS 227.7202(JUN 1995) and DFARS 252.227-7015 (Nov. 1995).

Blade Network Technologies, Inc. reserves the right to change any products described herein at any time,

and without notice. Blade Network Technologies, Inc. assumes no responsibility or liability arising from

the use of products described herein, except as expressly agreed to in writing by Blade Network

Technologies, Inc. The use and purchase of this product does not convey a license under any patent rights,

trademark rights, or any other intellectual property rights of Blade Network Technologies, Inc.

Originated in the USA.

Alteon OS, and Alteon are trademarks of Nortel Networks, Inc. in the United States and certain other

countries. Cisco®and EtherChannel®are registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. in the United States

and certain other countries. Any other trademarks appearing in this manual are owned by their respective

companies.

42C4911, January 2007 3

Contents

Preface 15

Who Should Use This Guide 15

What You’ll Find in This Guide 16

Typographic Conventions 18

How to Get Help 19

Part 1: Basic Switching 21

Chapter 1: Accessing the Switch 23

Management module setup 24

Factory-Default vs. MM assigned IP Addresses 24

Default Gateway 25

Configuring management module for switch access 25

External management port setup 28

Configuring the external management interface 28

Using Telnet 29

Connect to the Switch via SSH 29

BOOTP Relay Agent 29

DHCP Relay Agent 31

Using the Browser-Based Interface 33

Configuring BBI Access via HTTP 33

Configuring BBI Access via HTTPS 33

Using SNMP 36

SNMP v1.0 36

SNMP v3.0 36

Configuring SNMP Trap Hosts 39

Securing Access to the Switch 43

RADIUS Authentication and Authorization 44

TACACS+ Authentication 48

Alteon OS Application Guide

442C4911, January 2007

LDAP Authentication and Authorization 53

Secure Shell and Secure Copy 55

End User Access Control 61

Chapter 2: Port-based Network Access Control 67

Extensible Authentication Protocol over LAN 68

802.1x Authentication Process 69

802.1x Port States 71

Supported RADIUS Attributes 72

Configuration Guidelines 73

Chapter 3: VLANs 75

Overview 76

VLANs and Port VLAN ID Numbers 77

VLAN Numbers 77

PVID Numbers 77

VLAN Tagging 80

VLAN Topologies and Design Considerations 84

VLAN configuration rules 84

Example 1: Multiple VLANs with Tagging Adapters 85

Protocol-based VLANs 87

Port-based vs. Protocol-based VLANs 88

PVLAN Priority Levels 88

PVLAN Tagging 88

PVLAN Configuration Guidelines 89

Configuring PVLAN 89

Chapter 4: Ports and Trunking 93

Overview 94

Statistical Load Distribution 95

Built-In Fault Tolerance 95

Before you configure static trunks 95

Trunk group configuration rules 96

Port Trunking Example 97

Configurable Trunk Hash Algorithm 100

Link Aggregation Control Protocol 101

Configuring LACP 103

Alteon OS Application Guide

542C4911, January 2007

Chapter 5: Spanning Tree Group 105

Overview 106

Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) 107

Determining the Path for Forwarding BPDUs 107

Spanning Tree Group configuration guidelines 108

Multiple Spanning Trees 110

Default Spanning Tree configuration 110

Why Do We Need Multiple Spanning Trees? 111

Switch-Centric Spanning Tree Group 111

VLAN Participation in Spanning Tree Groups 112

Configuring Multiple Spanning Tree Groups 113

Port Fast Forwarding 115

Configuring Port Fast Forwarding 115

Fast Uplink Convergence 116

Configuration Guidelines 116

Configuring Fast Uplink Convergence 116

Chapter 6: Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol/Multiple Spanning Tree

Protocol 117

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 118

Port State Changes 118

Port Type and Link Type 119

RSTP Configuration Guidelines 119

RSTP Configuration Example 120

Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol 121

MSTP Region 121

Common Internal Spanning Tree 121

MSTP Configuration Guidelines 122

MSTP Configuration Example 122

Chapter 7: Quality of Service 123

Overview 124

Using ACL Filters 126

Summary of packet classifiers 126

Summary of ACL Actions 128

Understanding ACL Precedence 128

Using ACL Groups 129

ACL Metering and Re-marking 130

Alteon OS Application Guide

642C4911, January 2007

Viewing ACL Statistics 131

ACL Configuration Examples 132

Using DSCP Values to Provide QoS 134

Differentiated Services Concepts 134

Using 802.1p Priorities to Provide QoS 139

802.1p Configuration Example 140

Queuing and Scheduling 140

Part 2: IP Routing 141

Chapter 8: Basic IP Routing 143

IP Routing Benefits 144

Routing Between IP Subnets 145

Example of Subnet Routing 148

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 152

DHCP Relay Agent 153

DHCP Relay Agent Configuration 154

Chapter 9: Routing Information Protocol 155

Distance Vector Protocol 155

Stability 155

Routing Updates 156

RIPv1 156

RIPv2 156

RIPv2 in RIPv1 compatibility mode 157

RIP Features 157

RIP Configuration Example 158

Chapter 10: IGMP 161

IGMP Snooping 162

IGMP Snooping Configuration Example 163

Static Multicast Router 164

IGMP Relay 165

Configuration Guidelines 165

Configure IGMP Relay 166

Additional IGMP Features 168

FastLeave 168

IGMP Filtering 168

Alteon OS Application Guide

742C4911, January 2007

Chapter 11: Border Gateway Protocol 171

Internal Routing Versus External Routing 172

Forming BGP Peer Routers 173

What is a Route Map? 174

Incoming and Outgoing Route Maps 175

Precedence 176

Configuration Overview 176

Aggregating Routes 178

Redistributing Routes 179

BGP Attributes 180

Local Preference Attribute 180

Metric (Multi-Exit Discriminator) Attribute 180

Selecting Route Paths in BGP 181

BGP Failover Configuration 182

Default Redistribution and Route Aggregation Example 185

Chapter 12: OSPF 187

OSPF Overview 188

Types of OSPF Areas 188

Types of OSPF Routing Devices 190

Neighbors and Adjacencies 191

The Link-State Database 191

The Shortest Path First Tree 192

Internal Versus External Routing 192

OSPF Implementation in Alteon OS 193

Configurable Parameters 193

Defining Areas 194

Interface Cost 196

Electing the Designated Router and Backup 196

Summarizing Routes 196

Default Routes 197

Virtual Links 198

Router ID 199

Authentication 199

Host Routes for Load Balancing 202

OSPF Features Not Supported in This Release 203

Alteon OS Application Guide

842C4911, January 2007

OSPF Configuration Examples 204

Example 1: Simple OSPF Domain 205

Example 2: Virtual Links 207

Example 3: Summarizing Routes 211

Verifying OSPF Configuration 213

Part 3: High Availability

Fundamentals 215

Chapter 13: High Availability 217

Layer 2 Failover 218

VLAN Monitor 218

Setting the Failover Limit 219

L2 Failover with Other Features 219

Configuration Guidelines 220

L2 Failover Configurations 220

Configuring Trunk Failover 223

VRRP Overview 224

VRRP Components 224

VRRP Operation 226

Selecting the Master VRRP Router 226

Failover Methods 227

Active-Active Redundancy 228

Hot-Standby Redundancy 229

Alteon OS extensions to VRRP 230

Tracking VRRP Router Priority 230

Virtual Router Deployment Considerations 231

Assigning VRRP Virtual Router ID 231

Configuring the Switch for Tracking 231

High Availability Configurations 233

Active-Active Configuration 233

Hot-Standby Configuration 238

Alteon OS Application Guide

942C4911, January 2007

Part 4: Appendices 243

Appendix A: Troubleshooting 245

Monitoring Ports 246

Port Mirroring behavior 247

Configuring Port Mirroring 251

Appendix B: RADIUS Server Configuration Notes 253

Glossary 255

Index 257

Alteon OS Application Guide

10 42C4911, January 2007

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