Agilent Technologies E5500A Manuale utente

Agilent Technologies

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E5500

Phase Noise Measurement System

Version A.02.00

User’s Guide for E5500A/B

ii E5500 Phase Noise Measurement System Version A.02.00 Document Part No. E5500-90024 Ed. 1.0

Notices

Warranty

The material contained in

this document is subject to

change without notice.

Agilent Technologies makes

no warranty of any kind with

regard to this material,

including, but not limited to,

the implied warranties of

merchantability and fitness

for a particular purpose.

Agilent Technologies shall

not be liable for errors

contained herein or for

incidental or consequential

damages in connection with

the furnishing, performance,

or use of this material.

Assistance

Product maintenance

agreements and other

customer assistance

agreements are available for

Agilent Technologies

products.

For assistance, call your

nearest Agilent Technologies

ales and ervice Office (see

Table 2 on page vi).

WARNING: A WARNING notice

denotes a hazard. It calls attention to

an operating procedure, practice, or

the like that, if not correctly

performed or adhered to, could result

in personal injury or death. Do not

proceed beyond a WARNING notice

until the indicated conditions are

fully understood and met.

CAUTION: A CAUTION notice

denotes a hazard. It calls attention to

an operating procedure, practice, or

the like that, if not correctly

performed or adhered to, could result

in damage to the product or loss of

important data. Do not proceed

beyond a CAUTION notice until the

indicated conditions are fully

understood and met.

TECHNOLOGIE , INC. ALL RIGHT

RE ERVED.

NO PART OF THI DOCUMENT MAY BE

REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM OR BY

ANY MEAN (INCLUDING ELECTRONIC

TORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OR

TRAN LATION INTO A FOREIGN

LANGUAGE) WITHOUT PRIOR

AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN CON ENT

OF AGILENT TECHNOLOGIE , INC.,

A GOVERNED BY UNITED TATE

AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT

LAW .

DOCUMENT PART NO. E5500-90024

PRINTED IN U A

MARCH 2002

EDITION ED. 1.0

Document Part No. E5500-90024 Ed. 1.0 E5500 Phase Noise Measurement System Version A.02.00 iii

Safety summary

The following general safety

precautions must be observed

during all phases of operation of

this instrument. Failure to

comply with these precautions

or with specific warnings

elsewhere in this manual

violates safety standards of

design, manufacture, and

intended use of the instrument.

Agilent Technologies, Inc.

assumes no liability for the

customer's failure to comply

with these requirements.

General

This product is a afety Class 1

instrument (provided with a

protective earth terminal). The

protective features of this

product may be impaired if it is

used in a manner not specified

in the operation instructions.

All light emitting diodes (LEDs)

used in this product are Class 1

LEDs as per IEC 60825-1.

WARNING: DO NOT OPERATE

IN AN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE

Do not operate the instrument in the

presence of flammable gases or

flames.

WARNING: DO NOT REMOVE

THE INSTRUMENT COVER

Operating personnel must not

remove instrument covers.

Component replacement and

internal adjustments must be made

only by qualified service personnel.

Instruments that appear damaged or

defective should be made

inoperative and secured against

unintended operation until they can

be repaired by qualified service

personnel.

Environmental conditions

Unless otherwise noted in the

specifications, this instrument

or system is intended for indoor

use in an installation category

II, pollution degree 2

environment. It is designed to

operate at a maximum relative

humidity of 95% and at altitudes

of up to 2000 meters. Refer to

the specifications tables for the

ac mains voltage requirements

and ambient operating

temperature range.

Before applying power

Verify that the product is set to

match the available line voltage,

the correct fuse is installed, and

all safety precautions are taken.

Note the instrument's external

markings described in Table 1.

iv E5500 Phase Noise Measurement System Version A.02.00 Document Part No. E5500-90024 Ed. 1.0

Ground the instrument

To minimize shock hazard, the

instrument chassis and cover

must be connected to an

electrical protective earth

ground. The instrument must be

connected to the ac power mains

through a grounded power cable,

with the ground wire firmly

connected to an electrical

ground (safety ground) at the

power outlet. Any interruption

of the protective (grounding)

conductor or disconnection of

the protective earth terminal

will cause a potential shock

hazard that could result in

personal injury.

Fuses

Use only fuses with the required

rated current, voltage, and

specified type (normal blow,

time delay). Do not use repaired

fuses or short-circuited fuse

holders. To do so could cause a

shock or fire hazard.

Safety symbols and

instrument markings

ymbols and markings in

manuals and on instruments

alert you to potential risks,

provide information about

conditions, and comply with

international regulations.

Table 1 defines the symbols and

markings you may find in a

manual or on an instrument.

Table 1 Safety symbols and instrument markings

Safety symbols

Warning: risk of electric shock.

Warning: hot surface

Caution: refer to accompanying documents.

Laser radiation symbol: marked on products that have a laser output.

Alternating current.

Both direct and alternating current.

Three-phase alternating current.

Earth (ground) terminal

Protective earth (ground) terminal

Document Part No. E5500-90024 Ed. 1.0 E5500 Phase Noise Measurement System Version A.02.00 v

Frame or chassis terminal

Terminal is at earth potential. Used for measurement and control

circuits designed to be operated with one terminal at earth potential.

Terminal for neutral conductor on permanently installed equipment.

Terminal for line conductor on permanently installed equipment.

Standby (supply); units with this symbol are not completely

disconnected from ac mains when this switch is off. To completely

disconnect the unit from ac mains, either disconnect the power cord, or

have a qualified electrician install an external switch.

Instrument markings

The CE mark is a registered trademark of the European Community. If it

is accompanied by a year, it indicates the year the design was proven.

The CSA mark is a registered trademark of the Canadian Standards

Association.

The C-tick mark is a registered trademark of the Spectrum Management

Agency of Australia. This signifies compliance with the Australian EMC

Framework regulations under the terms of the Radio Communications

Act of 1992.

1SM1-A This text indicates that the instrument is an Industrial Scientific and

Medical Group 1 Class A product (CISPER 11, Clause 4).

Table 1 Safety symbols and instrument markings (continued)

Safety symbols

N10149

vi E5500 Phase Noise Measurement System Version A.02.00 Document Part No. E5500-90024 Ed. 1.0

Service and Support

Any adjustment, maintenance,

or repair of this product must be

performed by qualified

personnel. Contact your

customer engineer through your

local Agilent Technologies

ervice Center.

Agilent on the Web

You can find information about

technical and professional

services, product support, and

equipment repair and service on

the Web:

http://www.agilent.com/

contacts/English/noscript.html

Double-click the link to Tes t &

Measurement. elect your

country from the drop-down

menus. The Web page that

appears next has contact

information specific for your

country.

Agilent by Phone

If you do not have access to the

Internet, call one of the numbers

in Table 2.

Table 2 Agilent Call Centers and Regional Headquarters

United States and Canada: Test and Measurement Call Center

(800) 452 4844 (toll-free in US)

Europe: (41 22) 780 8111

Japan: Measurement Assistance Center

(81) 0426 56 7832

Latin America: 305 269 7548

Asia-Pacific: (85 22) 599 7777

Document Part No. E5500-90024 Ed. 1.0 E5500 Phase Noise Measurement System Version A.02.00 Contents-1

1 Getting Started with the E5500 Phase Noise Measurement

System

Introduction 1-2

Training Guidelines 1-3

2 E5500 Phase Noise Measurement System

Introducing the Graphical User Interface 2-2

System Requirements 2-4

3 Your First Measurement

Designed to Meet Your Needs 3-2

As You Begin 3-2

E5500 Operation; A Guided Tour 3-3

Required Equipment 3-3

How to Begin 3-3

Starting the Measurement Software 3-4

Making a Measurement 3-6

Beginning the Measurement 3-7

Making the Measurement 3-9

Sweep-Segments 3-10

Congratulations 3-10

To Learn More 3-11

4 Phase Noise Basics

What is Phase Noise? 4-2

5 Expanding Your Measurement Experience

Starting the Measurement Software 5-2

Using the Asset Manager to Add a Source 5-3

Using the Server Hardware Connections to Specify the Source 5-8

Testing the Agilent 8663A Internal/External 10 MHz 5-11

Defining the Measurement 5-12

Selecting a Reference Source 5-14

Selecting Loop Suppression Verification 5-14

Setup Considerations for the Agilent 8663A

10 MHz Measurement 5-15

Beginning the Measurement 5-17

Sweep-Segments 5-21

Checking the Beatnote 5-21

Contents-2 E5500 Phase Noise Measurement System Version A.02.00 Document Part No. E5500-90024 Ed. 1.0

Making the Measurement 5-23

Testing the Agilent 8644B Internal/External 10 MHz 5-28

Defining the Measurement 5-28

Selecting a Reference Source 5-31

Selecting Loop Suppression Verification 5-31

Setup Considerations for the Agilent 8663A

10 MHz Measurement 5-32

Beginning the Measurement 5-34

Sweep-Segments 5-38

Checking the Beatnote 5-38

Making the Measurement 5-39

Viewing Markers 5-44

Omitting Spurs 5-46

Displaying the Parameter Summary 5-48

Exporting Measurement Results 5-50

Exporting Trace Data 5-51

6 Absolute Measurement Fundamentals

The Phase Lock Loop Technique 6-2

Understanding the Phase-Lock Loop Technique 6-2

The Phase Lock Loop Circuit 6-2

What Sets the Measurement Noise Floor? 6-6

The System Noise Floor 6-6

The Noise Level of the Reference Source 6-7

Selecting a Reference 6-9

Using a Similar Device 6-9

Using a Signal Generator 6-10

Tuning Requirements 6-10

Estimating the Tuning Constant 6-12

Tracking Frequency Drift 6-13

Evaluating Beatnote Drift 6-13

Changing the PTR 6-15

The Tuning Qualifications 6-15

Minimizing Injection Locking 6-17

Adding Isolation 6-17

Increasing the PLL Bandwidth 6-17

Inserting a Device 6-19

An Attenuator 6-19

An Amplifier 6-19

Evaluating Noise Above the Small Angle Line 6-21

Determining the Phase Lock Loop Bandwidth 6-21

Document Part No. E5500-90024 Ed. 1.0 E5500 Phase Noise Measurement System Version A.02.00 Contents-3

7 Absolute Measurement Examples

Stable RF Oscillator 7-2

Required Equipment 7-2

Defining the Measurement 7-3

Selecting a Reference Source 7-5

Selecting Loop Suppression Verification 7-5

Setup Considerations for the Stable RF Oscillator Measurement 7-6

Beginning the Measurement 7-9

Checking the Beatnote 7-12

Making the Measurement 7-13

Free-Running RF Oscillator 7-18

Required Equipment 7-18

Defining the Measurement 7-19

Selecting a Reference Source 7-21

Selecting Loop Suppression Verification 7-22

Setup Considerations for the Free-Running RF Oscillator Measurement 7-23

Beginning the Measurement 7-25

Checking the Beatnote 7-28

Making the Measurement 7-30

RF Synthesizer using DCFM 7-35

Required Equipment 7-35

Defining the Measurement 7-36

Selecting a Reference Source 7-39

Selecting Loop Suppression Verification 7-40

Setup Considerations for the RF Synthesizer using DCFM Measurement 7-40

Beginning the Measurement 7-42

Checking the Beatnote 7-45

Making the Measurement 7-46

RF Synthesizer using EFC 7-51

Required Equipment 7-51

Defining the Measurement 7-51

Selecting a Reference Source 7-54

Selecting Loop Suppression Verification 7-55

Setup Considerations for the RF Synthesizer using EFC Measurement 7-56

Beginning the Measurement 7-58

Checking the Beatnote 7-61

Making the Measurement 7-63

Microwave Source 7-68

Required Equipment 7-68

Defining the Measurement 7-69

Selecting a Reference Source 7-71

Selecting Loop Suppression Verification 7-72

Setup Considerations for the Microwave Source Measurement 7-72

Beginning the Measurement 7-73

Checking the Beatnote 7-76

Making the Measurement 7-79

Contents-4 E5500 Phase Noise Measurement System Version A.02.00 Document Part No. E5500-90024 Ed. 1.0

8 Residual Measurement Fundamentals

What is Residual Noise? 8-2

The Noise Mechanisms 8-2

Basic Assumptions Regarding Residual Phase Noise Measurements 8-4

Frequency Translation Devices 8-4

Calibrating the Measurement 8-6

Calibration and Measurement Guidelines 8-7

Calibration Options 8-9

User Entry of Phase Detector Constant 8-9

Measured +/- DC Peak Voltage 8-13

Measured Beatnote 8-15

Procedure 8-16

Synthesized Residual Measurement using Beatnote Cal 8-18

Procedure 8-18

Double-Sided Spur 8-19

Single-Sided Spur 8-22

Measurement Difficulties 8-26

System Connections 8-26

9 Residual Measurement Examples

Amplifier Measurement Example 9-2

Required Equipment 9-2

Defining the Measurement 9-3

Setup Considerations 9-7

Beginning the Measurement 9-8

Making the Measurement 9-10

When the Measurement is Complete 9-14

10 FM Discriminator Fundamentals

The Frequency Discriminator Method 10-2

Basic Theory 10-2

The Discriminator Transfer Response 10-3

11 FM Discriminator Measurement Examples

Introduction 11-2

FM Discriminator Measurement using Double-Sided Spur Calibration 11-3

Required Equipment 11-3

Determining the Discriminator

(Delay Line) Length 11-4

Defining the Measurement 11-5

Setup Considerations 11-10

Beginning the Measurement 11-11

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