BERTHOLD TECHNOLOGIES LB 379 Manuale utente

Measuring Path

LB 379 and LB 3602 / 3603

Operating Manual

40437BA2

Rev. No.: 00, 12/2016

LB 379

Contents

OPERATING MANUAL .....................................................................1

40437BA2......................................................................................1

REV. NO.: 00, 12/2016 ..................................................................1

1OVERVIEW...........................................................................6

1.1 The Principle of Measurement ................................................................ 6

1.2 The Measurement Device........................................................................ 8

1.3 Device Configuration (Operating Modes)................................................ 9

1.3.1Setting the Detector Code..................................................................9

1.3.2Measuring Path Dimension .................................................................9

1.4 Measuring Paths and Sources............................................................... 10

1.4.1Measuring Path LB 379 .................................................................... 10

1.4.2Measuring Paths LB 3602/3603......................................................... 11

1.4.3Radioactive Sources ........................................................................ 12

1.5 Detector................................................................................................ 12

2INSTALLATION...................................................................13

2.1 Installation of the Measuring Path........................................................ 13

2.1.1Safety Instructions.......................................................................... 13

2.1.2Selection of Measuring Site .............................................................. 14

2.1.3Installation Instructions for PTFE lined Measuring Paths (LB 379)........... 16

2.1.4Installation of the Resistance Thermometer Pt 100 .............................. 16

3WATER COOLING IN THE MEASURING PATH LB 379 .........17

3.1 Cooling Water Requirement.................................................................. 17

4ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS ...............................................18

4.1 Detector................................................................................................ 18

5TECHNICAL DATA...............................................................19

5.1 Measuring Path LB 379......................................................................... 19

5.2 Measuring Path LB 3602/3603:............................................................ 20

5.3 Pressure Equipment Directive 2014/68 / EU........................................ 21

6RADIATION PROTECTION ..................................................22

6.1 Emergency Instructions........................................................................ 25

6.1.1Checking the Crystal-Multiplier Assembly ........................................... 26

7APPENDIX..........................................................................28

7.1 Table 1: Absorption Coefficients ........................................................... 28

7.1.1Temperature Coefficients ................................................................. 29

8DENSITY OF WATER AS A FUNCTION OF THE TEMPERATURE30

9DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS.................................................31

9.1 Measuring Path LB 379 with DIN Flange............................................... 31

9.2 Measuring Path LB 379 with ASA Flange............................................... 32

9.3 Measuring Path LB 379 with Threaded Connector................................. 33

9.4 Measuring Path LB 3602/03 ................................................................. 34

10 ATEX CERTIFICATE ............................................................35

11 INDEX................................................................................42

LB 379

Safety Summary

Electrical Shock Hazard

Disconnect power to ensure that contact with energized part is avoided during installation and

servicing.

Specific Warnings

Never change the installation or the parameter settings without a full knowledge of the rele-

vant part of this manual, the connected controller and the process, if it is controlled by this

measuring device.

Radiation Protection Instructions

This measuring system uses radioactive sources. The radiation protection information in this

operating manual and the relevant statutory provisions must be strictly observed.

At least one screw on the access openings to the radioactive sources on the measuring path

is sealed. Do not open any sealed screws. A damaged seal must be repaired immediately by

a representative of the manufacturer.

Sources that are not in use must be kept in a secure place and protected against access by

unauthorized persons.

LB 379

1Overview

The radiometric density measuring system offers the possibility to measure the density of

liquids, suspensions, slurries and bulk goods. The measurement can be carried out directly

in a product line. The measurement is independent of variations in pressure or viscosity,

and on the flow rate of the product.

1.1The Principle of Measurement

The density measurement utilizes as a measuring effect the attenuation of gamma radia-

tion passing through the product being measured. The residual radiation picked up by the

detector (scintillator) is a measure of the density of the product being measured.

The attenuation of radiation takes place in accordance to the following law:

Figure 1: Principle of measurement

I = radiation picked up by the detector

Io = unattenuated radiation

µ = mass attenuation coefficient (absorption coefficient in cm2/g

= density of absorbing material in g/cm3

d = thickness of absorbing material in cm

The intensity of the radiation arriving at the detector is also dependent on the distance

between source and detector. As in the case of light, the function involved is a square

function, i.e. doubling the distance reduces the radiation intensity to ¼ if all other condi-

tions remain unchanged.

In the measuring paths LB 379 and LB LB3602/3603, source, measurement pipe and de-

tector are combined into one unit. This ensures a fixed geometry and a constant distance.

Under these conditions, the radiation arriving at the detector is only dependent on the

density of the material to be measured.

An activation of the product being measured, or of the pipe used for the measurement by

the gamma radiation is completely excluded.

With the isotopes 241Am and 244Cm the absorption is dependent, in addition to the density,

on the atomic number of the absorber. It increases with increasing atomic number (see

Figure 2), so that with the substances occurring in practice we can almost always assume

that a higher atomic number can also be equated with a higher absorption coefficient. Due

to this relationship, very high measurement accuracies can be achieved for products con-

taining substances with a high atomic number (e.g. hydrochloric acid, milk of lime, sulfuric

acid, etc.), with the measuring paths LB 379 and LB 3602/3603, which are equipped with

one of these isotopes.

oeII **







Io I

Radiation

source Detector

LB 379

Figure 2: Absorption coefficients

With 244 cm, the atomic number has a significant influence on the absorption coefficient.

This isotope is incorporated in the measuring paths LB 3602/3603. These measuring paths

are used to measure materials with high atomic number at very low concentrations. These

measuring paths are not type approved.

This dependence of the absorption coefficient on the atomic number has a positive effect

if, for example, in a solution of sodium chloride in water, where the salt content is to be

determined, contaminations by hydrocarbons may occur, for example by sugar or cellulose,

in varying proportions. The lower absorption coefficient of the impurity results in a lower

influence on the measurement result.

An adverse effect is obtained if, for example, the density of a hydrocarbon mixture is to be

determined, which contain impurities by a substance having a high atomic number, such

as chlorine. In this case we get significant changes in the absorption of the radiation even

with low fluctuations in the chlorine content, so that a density change is simulated, which

in reality does not exist.

0,01

0,1

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Absorption coefficient µ

Atomic number Z

Cs - 137 (662 keV)

Am - 241 (60 keV)

Cm 244 (18 keV)

Co -60 (1,3 MeV)

LB 379

1.2The Measurement Device

The radiometric density measuring system can be used to measure the density of

liquids

suspensions

solids and

bulk goods

The measurement can be performed directly on a product line and is independent of fluc-

tuations in pressure and viscosity, as well as in the flow velocity.

Specific device configurations and calculations allow you to adapt the density measuring

system to local conditions and the conditions of the product being measured.

The measuring device generally comprises the following components:

a) the measurement path with

- radioactive source

- through pipe for the product to be measured

- detector

b) the evaluation unit

c) the connection cable

d) the resistance thermometer Pt 100 (optional)

The detector's supply voltage and

the measurement signal and im-

portant information (high-voltage

setting, detector temperature,

product temperature with con-

nected Pt 100, etc.) are transmitted

from the detector to the evaluation

unit via the connection cable be-

tween the detector and evaluation

unit.

Figure 3: Measuring arrangement

a) c)

BERTHOLD

LB 444 - 1 V 1.0

Density -Meter etc.

enter

clear run



RADIOACTIVE

LB 379

1.3Device Configuration (Operating Modes)

The evaluation unit can be used for different tasks.

Density measurement without temperature compensation (TC)

Density measurement with temperature compensation

via Pt100 or

density measurement with temperature compensation via current input

Suspension measurement with any carrier liquid

solid density and liquid density are known

with or without TC

Suspension measurement with water as the carrier liquid

solid density is known

with water temperature compensation, the density of the water and

the concentration of the solid material are taken into account for temperature

compensation

Mass flow measurement without TC (in connection with a volume flow meter)

Mass flow measurement with TC via Pt 100 (in connection with a volume flow

meter)

Measurement modes

Continuous measurement

Discontinuous measurement

Batch operation via keyboard (press <run> button)

Batch operation via digital input

1.3.1 Setting the Detector Code

Internal device parameters are adjusted to suit the used scintillator size by setting

the detector code. The correct detector code is set at the factory and a change is

not normally required. A table with the detector codes to be used is found below:

Measuring Path Detector Code

LB 379 2

LB 3602/3603 manual

For the measuring path LB 3602/3603 you must set the HV working point to manually

fixed value. If the value is not known you must evaluate the value by a plateau measure-

ment. The plateau measurement is descriped in the manual LB 474 respectively LB 444.

The HV working point must be entered in the evaluation unit at the mid of the plateau

curve.

1.3.2 Measuring Path Dimension

Input of the measuring path dimension in the evaluation unit:

Measuring

Path without

Liner with

PTFE - Liner With

Rubber - Liner

LB 379 6.8 6.0 5.8

LB 3602/3603 5.1 - -

Dimensions in cm

LB 379

1.4Measuring Paths and Sources

1.4.1 Measuring Path LB 379

The measuring path LB 379 includes the following components in a compact unit:

The radioactive source (1), isotope Am-241, with an activity of 1,110 MBq (30 mCi) and

3,700 MBq (100 mCi) or in exceptional cases 11,000 MBq (300 mCi).

The measuring path is no longer type approved for a source activity of 11,100 MBq (300

mCi).

Am-241 is particularly suitable for determining the concentration of components having a

high atomic number (iron, nickel, HCl, etc.) in a carrier liquid having a low atomic number.

The energy is 60keV, the half-life 433 years.

The radiation source is installed in a stainless steel coated lead shield (2). The collimator

(3) allows the unattenuated exit of the useful radiation only in the direction of the product

pipe.

The radiation is shielded by the lead shielding (2) and by the case even if the pipeline is

empty, so that no additional protective measures are required.

In non-lined measuring paths, the product pipe DN 65/PN 10 (4) is made of stainless steel

1.4571 or 1.4401. The material number is stamped on the flange or on the pipe. Stainless

steel 1.4301 is used for lined pipes. A lining made of PTFE (Teflon) can be supplied to

protect the pipes against aggressive products. To protect the pipes from abrasive wear, we

recommend using a lining made of soft rubber. For use in the food industry, a product pipe

with threaded ends DN 65 according to DIN 11851 can be supplied instead of the flanged

pipe. No lining is possible with this design. The detector (scintillation counter) LB 4451 (5)

is located in the upper part of the measuring path. It is explosion-proof.

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